Would Cheap, Clean Hydrogen Make Fuel Cells Superior to Batteries?

[mheslep]

I'm sorry to hear that mheslep. But the fact is, most people that drive FCVs pay only about $3.50 a kg for their H2 when bought at a fueling station.

http://www.fuelcells.org/info/library/QuestionsandAnswers062404.pdf

I see no facts presented here, just an assertion referenced to an environmental activist and fuel cell association executive.

 

[dr dodge]

back to some basics, here
hydrogens molecule is very small vs most other products shipped in pipelines. We use He for measurement purposes, and its ability to leak as compared to nitrogen is significant. products can be "completely sealed" on n2 and leak badly on He. my suspicion is that, with hydrogens small size, the same problems will occur. pipelines would all need to be of a new construction to not leak (vs existing pipelines). all the support systems and refueling rigs would also be "potentially leak prone" after a few years of service, given the same level of maintainence that our local gas stations do. Slight leaks in the vehicle, pipelines, and support tools would not show up easily (vs gasoline) because there is no real smell, or fluid to leak, but would be very dangerous (more that gasoline).
Would the high pressure hydrogen cause hydrogen embrittlement in steel vessels?

dr

 

[Borek]

We use He for measurement purposes, and its ability to leak as compared to nitrogen is significant. products can be "completely sealed" on n2 and leak badly on He. my suspicion is that, with hydrogens small size, the same problems will occur.

Could be you are right, but from what I remember helium is absolutely unique in its "penetrativeness". I always thought it is not just a matter of size, but also of perfect symmetry and inertness, which make helium interactions with every material much weaker than those of other gases.

 

[dr dodge]

many gases when pressurized to high levels have a highly natural solvent ability.
I am unsure what the threashold pressure of hydrogen is.

dr

 

[Topher925]

back to some basics, here
hydrogens molecule is very small vs most other products shipped in pipelines. We use He for measurement purposes, and its ability to leak as compared to nitrogen is significant. products can be "completely sealed" on n2 and leak badly on He. my suspicion is that, with hydrogens small size, the same problems will occur. pipelines would all need to be of a new construction to not leak (vs existing pipelines). all the support systems and refueling rigs would also be "potentially leak prone" after a few years of service, given the same level of maintainence that our local gas stations do. Slight leaks in the vehicle, pipelines, and support tools would not show up easily (vs gasoline) because there is no real smell, or fluid to leak, but would be very dangerous (more that gasoline).
Would the high pressure hydrogen cause hydrogen embrittlement in steel vessels?

Some of the assumptions are correct. Hydrogen does penetrate most materials more easily than other materials. Natural gas pipelines that currently exist would nee to be modified/replaced if they were to carry hydrogen. High pressure hydrogen will cause embrittlement in steel vessels if they are not lined. Hydrogen pipes and storage vessels are usually lined with a polymer to prevent things like embrittlement and material penetration.

As for a hydrogen leak being more dangerous than gasoline, that is not necessarily true. Its a very different kind of fuel that is safer in some aspects, but also more dangerous than others. Hydrogen disperses and diffuses very quickly, and requires a 4% concentration with air before it even becomes possible to ignite. However, at that 4% and even well above it hydrogen can be extremely difficult to ignite unless very high temperatures are present. Because of this most hydrogen fires can be prevented by simply keeping H2 tanks outside or have a building with good ventilation. Gasoline on the other hand will pool in one location and the vapor forms locally in high concentrations, making it easier to ignite. Also, the flame from hydrogen isn't entirely invisible, but it is more difficult to see. It also has low thermal radiation making it more difficult to detect.

Another thing about H2 is that its non-toxic. In other words you can be in a room with relatively high concentrations of it and not get sick. The same can not be said for gasoline.

http://polymer.matscieng.sunysb.edu/msds/hydrogen.pdf

http://www.hydrogen-fc.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/01/hydrogen_gasoline.jpg
Yes, I know this picture doesn't really prove anything but I just think it looks cool.

 

[dr dodge]

my point about the leak was more that it is generally "undetectable" vs gasoline
gas vapors hang next to the ground, and will tend to concentrate their. Hydrogen being lighter than air would mix better, and could accumulate inside of sealed places. gasoline also has a much lower vapor point, so colder weather would decrease its evaporization.

The big thing I see though is the added costs to upgrade the pipelines and added systems. Those will be passed along to the consumer.

dr

 

[mheslep]

back to some basics, here
hydrogens molecule is very small vs most other products shipped in pipelines. We use He for measurement purposes, and its ability to leak as compared to nitrogen is significant. products can be "completely sealed" on n2 and leak badly on He. my suspicion is that, with hydrogens small size, the same problems will occur. pipelines would all need to be of a new construction to not leak (vs existing pipelines).

That's correct, H2 requires more elaborate mechanisms to transport or store than hydrocarbon molecules, in part because of the small size of the H2 molecule.

all the support systems and refueling rigs would also be "potentially leak prone" after a few years of service, given the same level of maintainence that our local gas stations do.

Perhaps. The small amount of existing H2 pipelines require high levels of maintenance in comparison to natural gas pipelines.

Slight leaks in the vehicle, pipelines, and support tools would not show up easily (vs gasoline) because there is no real smell, or fluid to leak, but would be very dangerous (more that gasoline).

Probably not. It is more difficult to achieve an H2/air mix that will ignite and explode than gasoline/air. H2 also burns much cooler than gasoline.

Would the high pressure hydrogen cause hydrogen embrittlement in steel vessels?

Yes over time, that's why inner liners of polymer are typically used.

Edit: I see Topher scooped me; I agree with Topher's post.

 

[Q_Goest]

In 2008, ASME came out with a new piping code specifically for hydrogen in anticipation of the rapidly expanding hydrogen energy market. That piping code is ASME B31.12. It covers such things as materials and hydrogen embrittlement. It's understood that many steels are susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement, especially the higher strength steels. But the penetration or leakage through steels used for piping and components isn't significant. You certainly wouldn't be able to detect it using something like a bubble fluid. The penetration of hydrogen through steel isn't even sufficient to measure inside the vacuum space of vacuum jacketed lines. Note that helium is used to determine leak points using a mass spec, which is much more sensitive than bubble fluid.* In other words, there is no measurable hydrogen leakage through steel unless perhaps there are flaws in the material such as found in castings.

Hydrogen pipes and storage vessels are usually lined with a polymer to prevent things like embrittlement and material penetration.

Where have you seen this? We use steel hydrogen vessels up to 7000 psi and there's no liner. I can't imagine polymers doing any good anyway, they're much more easily penetrated by hydrogen than steel. I've discussed this with people who have tested polymer lined vessels but they were relative novices and the linings failed to make any significant improvement. Take flexible plastic hoses for example, they leak through the wall at a rate that's measurable using a pressure gage. Steel on the other hand, won't leak at all.

*Edit: Point being that properly sealed, helium is impossible to detect using a mass spec, and helium is a small molecule (atom) just like hydrogen. The fact it isn't detectable for a properly sealed system should give an indication of the low permeability of these systems.

 

[mheslep]

gasoline
gas vapors hang next to the ground,

Yes, tend to.

and will tend to concentrate their.

Hydrogen being lighter than air would mix better,

No, because it is lighter than air it tends to diffuse rapidly and falls quickly below explosive concentration.

and could accumulate inside of sealed places.

Sealed? As can any gas. I think you me confined spaces, in which case heavier than air vapors are much more dangerous. Heavier than air gas is especially dangerous on e.g,, marine vessels because they concentrate in the holds.

 

[mheslep]

Where have you seen this? We use steel hydrogen vessels up to 7000 psi and there's no liner.

Edit: The issue would be with what gauge steel. One could theoretically contain any PSI with enough gauge, but that doesn't mean its the most economic method.

I can't imagine polymers doing any good anyway, they're much more easily penetrated by hydrogen than steel. I've discussed this with people who have tested polymer lined vessels but they were relative novices and the linings failed to make any significant improvement. Take flexible plastic hoses for example, they leak through the wall at a rate that's measurable using a pressure gage. Steel on the other hand, won't leak at all.

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/pdfs/iiia5_lessing.pdf"

 

[dr dodge]

the sealed areas are trunks and compartments in the vehicles, being as modern technology has made the modern car very leak proof. hydrogen "diffusing" into air is going to provide the oxygen needed to explode

With the permeability problem, how are you going to deal with flexible lines? no O-rings, it would need metal seals in many places.

There also will be very few "smell additives" that will not foul of inhibit the fuel cells abilities.

and I don't know where the idea that hydrogen is hard to burn/ignite comes from. A small static spark is adequete to ignite it. Takes a heck of a static spark to blow gasoline. We use it here to work quartz tubing and the grounding on the semi trailer outside is almost silly (theres so many of them)
We had to install ground rods, etc.

dr

 

[Q_Goest]

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/pdfs/iiia5_lessing.pdf"

Thanks for the link mheslep, but that's for a polymer lined composite vessel, not a polymer lined steel one. Composites are highly permeable, which is why they needed something to reduce leakage rates. I've also seen aluminum used as the liner for composite vessels, which is probably a much better solution IMO. Hydrogen will diffuse through a polymer relatively quickly compared to a metal, which is why I don't think a polymer is going to help much on a steel vessel.

 

[Q_Goest]

the sealed areas are trunks and compartments in the vehicles, being as modern technology has made the modern car very leak proof. hydrogen "diffusing" into air is going to provide the oxygen needed to explode

With the permeability problem, how are you going to deal with flexible lines? no O-rings, it would need metal seals in many places.

In my experience, hydrogen diffusion through a metal isn't signficant enough to measure. Diffusion through a plastic hose or similar polymer is relatively significant, though still very low and difficult to measure. Diffusion through an O-ring or other elastomeric seal is less than a hose because of the smaller cross sectional area. For these kinds of seals, the diffusion rate is insignificant.

There also will be very few "smell additives" that will not foul of inhibit the fuel cells abilities.

I've heard this brought up a number of times, but to date, there are no additives that can be used.

and I don't know where the idea that hydrogen is hard to burn/ignite comes from. A small static spark is adequete to ignite it. Takes a heck of a static spark to blow gasoline. We use it here to work quartz tubing and the grounding on the semi trailer outside is almost silly (theres so many of them)
We had to install ground rods, etc.

dr

Agreed. Hydrogen is extremely easy to ignite.

 

[mheslep]

Agreed. Hydrogen is extremely easy to ignite.

Ok, details details. Yes, H2 has a low energy of detonation compared to hydrocarbons.

H2 energy of detonation is 14x less than natural gas, but
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/explosive-concentration-limits-d_423.html" , and as discussed above H2 isn't prone to concentration.
H2 14x lighter than air
H2 4x more diffusive than natural gas, 12x more than gasoline fumes
H2 combustion emits 1/10 the radiant heat of an hydrocarbon fire and burns 7% cooler than gasoline, emits no CO2 or smoke.
H2 explosive power 22x weaker per STP unit volume vs gasoline fumes.

So pick your poison.

 

[Q_Goest]

Ok, details details. Yes, H2 has a low energy of detonation compared to hydrocarbons.

H2 energy of detonation is 14x less than natural gas, but
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/explosive-concentration-limits-d_423.html" , and as discussed above H2 isn't prone to concentration.
H2 14x lighter than air
H2 4x more diffusive than natural gas, 12x more than gasoline fumes
H2 combustion emits 1/10 the radiant heat of an hydrocarbon fire and burns 7% cooler than gasoline, emits no CO2 or smoke.
H2 explosive power 22x weaker per STP unit volume vs gasoline fumes.

So pick your poison.

<clappin' for mheslep> couldn't agree more. Really is a pick/poison decision. The only really significant difference I see is in the means of storage. For H2, the product is commonly stored (today) at high pressure, so there has to be a large number of special precautions to ensure the 350 barg product goes into a cylinder and stays there. I wouldn't trust my mom to refuel a hydrogen vehicle with that much pressure. It isn't the flammability, it's just pure pressure I worry about.

 

[Topher925]

It isn't the flammability, it's just pure pressure I worry about.

Same here. I don't really feel all that comfortable with a 10kpsi tank in the trunk of my car but it isn't necessarily any worse than driving around with a thin steel walled tank of a nearly liquid explosive either. But I've seen FCV's refueled before and its actually very safe. Safe enough that I wouldn't get worried if someone was smoking right next to the car they were filling up. The refueling process is entirely computer monitored with several safety precautions in place. You can't really say that about filling up a gasoline fueled car.

 

[mheslep]

<clappin' for mheslep> couldn't agree more. Really is a pick/poison decision. The only really significant difference I see is in the means of storage. For H2, the product is commonly stored (today) at high pressure, so there has to be a large number of special precautions to ensure the 350 barg product goes into a cylinder and stays there. I wouldn't trust my mom to refuel a hydrogen vehicle with that much pressure. It isn't the flammability, it's just pure pressure I worry about.

On that note, has anybody proposed a mechanical automated tank switch in lieu user tank fills? Not that I believe vehicle tank switching would be easy or problem free, but there are tank switch precedents with lab cylinders and the common propane residential cylinder. Mechanical battery switching is about to go into beta test in Israel and Denmark (not for safety but fast fill up reasons).

 

[Q_Goest]

On that note, has anybody proposed a mechanical automated tank switch in lieu user tank fills? Mechanical battery switching is about to go into beta test in Israel and Denmark (not for safety but fast fill up reasons).

Fills are completely automated. The user hooks up a nozzle and fliks a lever on the nozzle to lock it in place. Then it's just press some buttons. It pressurizes up to a given level automatically and shuts off. The purging (done with helium) and leak detection is also automated.

Ok, I might trust my mom to do it if someone gave her instructions and walked her through it. Right now, people that do this have been given training to do so. Not exactly a self service station.

There's a video of someone doing this http://blog.wholefoodsmarket.com/2009/11/hydrogen-fuel-cell-powered-forklifts/" , about half way down:

 

[mheslep]

Fills are completely automated. The user hooks up a nozzle and fliks a lever on the nozzle to lock it in place. Then it's just press some buttons. It pressurizes up to a given level automatically and shuts off. The purging (done with helium) and leak detection is also automated.

Well that's similarly true of modern gasoline fill ups except for leak detection.

Edit: So I viewed the video and have a couple observations. Outside that's a tube trailer parked on site (Air Products makes a version) i.e. compressed H2 not liquid. The $4/kg price quoted above was for 13,000 gallon loads of liquid H2. I expect the gas tube deliveries to be considerably more expensive to move the same amount of joules around. Also outside we have what appears to be a fixed compressor and manifold installation, and inside a very nice dispenser and meter hookup. My question, not answered in the text: what's the cost of that H2 installation installation, the delivered H2 per kg, plus the fuel cells on the lifts. All of that versus the traditional battery switch mechanism and extra battery costs in all electric system?

 

[Q_Goest]

So I viewed the video and have a couple observations. Outside that's a tube trailer parked on site (Air Products makes a version) i.e. compressed H2 not liquid. The $4/kg price quoted above was for 13,000 gallon loads of liquid H2. I expect the gas tube deliveries to be considerably more expensive to move the same amount of joules around. Also outside we have what appears to be a fixed compressor and manifold installation, and inside a very nice dispenser and meter hookup. My question, not answered in the text: what's the cost of that H2 installation installation, the delivered H2 per kg, plus the fuel cells on the lifts. All of that versus the traditional battery switch mechanism and extra battery costs in all electric system?

Wow! You sure ask a lot of question... are you trying to set up a hydrogen refueling station?

On the flik, you ponted out all the bits and pieces. Tube trailer, compressor, dispencer. The one shown in the flik is an older style with electric hook ups. (forgot to mention that) The new ones have an infrared connection on the dispencer nozzle so you don't have to hook those wires up anymore.

Yea, the tube trailer is going to cost a LOT more for a kg of hydrogen. As mentioned before, it's about 3 to 4 times the cost, primarily because of all that extra metal that has to be dragged around. In that case, it won't make much sense to go with a hydrogen powered fuel cell from what I've seen - unless perhaps Uncle Sam is footing the bill. Demo projects are often subsidized. Regarding cost, our company doesn't sell the equipment. The capital cost and maintenance is more like a monthly lease. The customer pays X amount per month to cover eqiupment and all maintenance.

 

[mheslep]

Wow! You sure ask a lot of question... are you trying to set up a hydrogen refueling station?

I don't mean to burden you individually with Q&A sessions. You did suggest the H2 economics were such in post 7 that they could tip over the material handling business, a substantial claim given a existing $2-4 billion business using batteries or petroleum power. But maybe so. I've been through the National Academy reports on H2, etc but they admit to many estimates that are difficult to check. Here we have a case we can check. How? By modelling with as much detail as possible and crunching the numbers. We're engineers, that's what we do.

On the flik, you ponted out all the bits and pieces. Tube trailer, compressor, dispencer. The one shown in the flik is an older style with electric hook ups. (forgot to mention that) The new ones have an infrared connection on the dispencer nozzle so you don't have to hook those wires up anymore.

Yea, the tube trailer is going to cost a LOT more for a kg of hydrogen. As mentioned before, it's about 3 to 4 times the cost, primarily because of all that extra metal that has to be dragged around. ...

That makes sense, yet the WholeFoods warehouse went with compressed gas and not liquid storage. Thus I assume they found the on site liquid storage costs to be prohibitive, even given the cheaper transportation via liquid H2 trucks.

 

[mheslep]

Here's a new pricing data point on the fuel cell end. The well funded startup Bloom Energy finally went public with their product - a 100kW high temperature ceramic fuel cell. No noble metals, no reformer, runs on various hydrocarbon gasses, 50% efficient. Fuel cell price is ~$7500/kW (before subsidies), they expect $3000/kW. At least for the moment they are far short of the $100/kW for an ICE or an electric motor.

http://www.luxresearchinc.com/blog/2010/02/is-bloom-energy-a-better-place-redux/
Wired and 60 minutes also did pieces on them yesterday and Sunday.

 

[Topher925]

Here's a new pricing data point on the fuel cell end. The well funded startup Bloom Energy finally went public with their product - a 100kW high temperature ceramic fuel cell. No noble metals, no reformer, runs on various hydrocarbon gasses, 50% efficient. Fuel cell price is ~$7500/kW (before subsidies), they expect $3000/kW. At least for the moment they are far short of the $100/kW for an ICE or an electric motor.

Just an FYI, all modern SOFCs contain no noble metals. Bloom's is no different than anything else out there other than its very inefficient (most SOFCs are ~65-70% efficient).

On another note, there is no way to realistically compare a SOFC to an ICE designed for a car. Two very different technologies, for two very different applications. Those prices also don't include the cost savings of fuel over the life of the system since SOFCs require about 3 times less fuel than your ordinary ICE and about 4 times as less than your a turbine engine. SOFCs also typically require significantly less maintenance.

And $3k/kW is outrageously expensive after including subsidies. You can go out and buy a PEM cell with the same efficiency for $3k/kW with no subsidies what so ever and even that's on the expensive side.

http://www.horizonfuelcell.com/store/h5000.htm

 

[mgb_phys]

On another note, there is no way to realistically compare a SOFC to an ICE designed for a car.

At current efficencies if you ultimately want rotary motion you are probably better off with an ICE than a FC+Electric motor.

 

[mheslep]

Bloom's is no different than anything else out there other than its very inefficient (most SOFCs are ~65-70% efficient).

We're talking about an in production FC here, not a lab prototype. Bloom makes numerous claims other than efficiency about its fuel cell. Are saying you have reviewed all the salient claims, compared them to actual SOFC products available and found them no different? Who has an SOFC product on the market at 65%?

On another note, there is no way to realistically compare a SOFC to an ICE designed for a car. Two very different technologies, for two very different applications. Those prices also don't include the cost savings of fuel over the life of the system since SOFCs require about 3 times less fuel than your ordinary ICE and about 4 times as less than your a turbine engine.

I didn't claim lifecycle costs, I stated the upfront kW cost only, as reported in the reference. How do you get FC eff * E-motor eff (~92%) = 3 X 25% ICE eff?

SOFCs also typically require significantly less maintenance.

Than what? A diesel backup/load levelling generator?

And $3k/kW is outrageously expensive after including subsidies. You can go out and buy a PEM cell with the same efficiency for $3k/kW with no subsidies what so ever and even that's on the expensive side.

http://www.horizonfuelcell.com/store/h5000.htm

Yes $3k/kw is expensive, but that PEM is not comparable. No reformer to run off natural gas. No three phase high power AC inverter. No packaging for outdoor operation. Ten percent less efficient.

 

[Topher925]

At current efficencies if you ultimately want rotary motion you are probably better off with an ICE than a FC+Electric motor.

How do you figure? FC coupled with traction motors are significantly more efficient than any ICE engine available.

We're talking about an in production FC here, not a lab prototype.

No, I'm talking on the market commercialized SOFCs. SOFCs are very popular in applications where reliable steady state power is required. Heres an example of some manufacturers but many more can be found with a simple search.
http://www.fuelcellmarkets.com/fuel....html?q=Systems,Solid_Oxide_Fuel_Cell_Systems

I didn't claim lifecycle costs, I stated the upfront kW cost only, as reported in the reference. How do you get FC eff * E-motor eff (~92%) = 3 X 25% ICE eff?

SOFCs like the ones Bloom has made can only be used for stationary applications and APUs. In these applications you go from fuel to electricity in with a FC. ICEs require you go from fuel to generator to electricity. However, if you do consider a transportation application, SOFC+Motor:65% x 95% >> ICE:25%.

Than what? A diesel backup/load levelling generator?

Yes.

 

[mheslep]

No, I'm talking on the market commercialized SOFCs. SOFCs are very popular in applications where reliable steady state power is required. Heres an example of some manufacturers but many more can be found with a simple search.
http://www.fuelcellmarkets.com/fuel....html?q=Systems,Solid_Oxide_Fuel_Cell_Systems

Yes I'm aware there are SOFC's companies, though it is not clear any of them are are past pilot projects and into production. But that was not my question. I was asking for a reference to your claim that most "SOFCs are ~65-70% efficient" - products not research prototypes - , and that "Bloom's [SOFC] is no different than anything else out there." I can't find anything that exceeds 60%, and even that is only at a specific power operating point less than full load. BTW, Bloom's exact spec is ">50%"

Yes.

Having designed one (diesel electric APU) into a commercial building, and having reviewed the FC reliability comments from the National Academy report, I doubt that is true. More reliable than gasoline-generators maybe, not diesel APUs. I expect the reliability comparison is a wash.

 

[russ_watters]

Those prices also don't include the cost savings of fuel over the life of the system since SOFCs require about 3 times less fuel than your ordinary ICE and about 4 times as less than your a turbine engine. SOFCs also typically require significantly less maintenance.

Where do you get the cost savings over a turbine? A commercial gas turbine is around 30% efficient, so a 60% efficient fuel cell would use half, not 1/4 the fuel.

In the US, for commercial use, a GTE would almost certainly include heat recovery to provide all hot water and heating in addition to electricity, so the all-up efficiency may end up being better than a fuel cell.

How does a fuel cell perform at part load?

GTEs are somewhat of a niche market right now, but one very good niche is sewage treatment plants, which use megawatts of electricity (to run massive pumps) and tons of heat (to keep their vats of crap warm) while producing lots of methane. Traditionally, they'd take grid power to run the pumps and capture some of the methane for heat (maybe 25-50%), flaring (burning off) the rest. A GTE can provide both the electricity and heating.

 

[Topher925]

can't find anything that exceeds 60%, and even that is only at a specific power operating point less than full load.

I believe that 60% is total power conversion, including transformers and/or converter. I have lots of info about SOFCs that can operate at those efficiencies, unfortunately none of it I can share on the internet. I'll try to find some other sources later.

You may be right about diesel and SOFC reliability being a wash, I really have no info about diesel generators but for SOFCs the only components that ever really need maintenance are pumps.

Where do you get the cost savings over a turbine?

http://www.netl.doe.gov/publications/proceedings/03/seca/daviddaggett.pdf (slide 15)

In the US, for commercial use, a GTE would almost certainly include heat recovery to provide all hot water and heating in addition to electricity, so the all-up efficiency may end up being better than a fuel cell.

Not going to happen. SOFCs (and all high temp FCs) produce high quality heat just like turbines except they produce a little more of it and are often used for co-generation as well.

http://www.greencarcongress.com/2009/12/tmc-sofc-20091218.html
http://www.energy.siemens.com/hq/en/power-generation/fuel-cells/sofc-commercialization.htm

Combustion of gases in turbines causes dissociation of products reducing temperature and the amount of heat that could have been used for co-generation. This is something that can be avoided with SOFCs.

How does a fuel cell perform at part load?

Depends on the design, but usually just fine. Although FC efficiency is directly proportional with overpotential. SOFCs usually don't care at what load they operate at as long as its enough to stay warm. What does matter however, is the rate at which that load changes. Like almost all energy conversion and storage devices, SOFCs like to operate at a steady state constant load. If the load operates with large transients, you've got problems.

A GTE can provide both the electricity and heating.

See above.

 

[russ_watters]

http://www.netl.doe.gov/publications/proceedings/03/seca/daviddaggett.pdf (slide 15)

Did you see slide 14? Your data point is for a case where the jet APU operates far outside its design range, but doesn't say exactly what that range is. It is unreasonable to assume 15% efficiency from a GTE would be typical. Slide 14 shows that in normal operating conditions, the difference is only 45%.

Not going to happen. SOFCs (and all high temp FCs) produce high quality heat just like turbines except they produce a little more of it and are often used for co-generation as well.

If they do heat recovery, fine, but that means the all-up efficiency would end up being about the same.

But you do have that first part backwards: since fuel cells are more efficient, the waste heat is lower than in a GTE (generally a good thing, I'm just pointing it out for clarity).

http://www.greencarcongress.com/2009/12/tmc-sofc-20091218.html
http://www.energy.siemens.com/hq/en/power-generation/fuel-cells/sofc-commercialization.htm

Your second link claims an all-up efficiency of 80%, which is exactly the same as a GTE operating at the lower heating value*. http://www.capstoneturbine.com/prodsol/solutions/chp.asp

Since the chemistry is exactly the same, this isn't surprising that they both hit the exact LHV efficiency that is typically possible in any fuel fired heating application (such as your home boiler or furnace). Not sure why they can't condense the water out and go for the HHV, though...

Combustion of gases in turbines causes dissociation of products reducing temperature and the amount of heat that could have been used for co-generation. This is something that can be avoided with SOFCs.

I'm not following. The chemistry of these things is is exactly the same:

[CH4 + 2 O2 => 2 H2O + CO2 + E]

They do the same thing: they both burn methane in air.

*Edit: Actually, in the literature I linked, they are switching back and forth between the HHV and LHV, which is a little misleading: what they are really claiming is 80% of the LHV efficiency, or 75% of the HHV. Your first link shows both for a fuel cell: 85% HHV, 77% LHV.