Zeeman effect: Experimental Setup and Explanation

[Kartoshka123]

Homework Statement

Hello, I have to explain using numbers the Zeeman effect for hydrogen and the setup needed. I have done some research and if I'm not wrong, then a magnetic field of 1 Tesla is needed. I have no idea how to achieve that using commercially available products and how to even begin to explain it.

Relevant Equations

Could someone please explain the effect using simple concepts (as I have only started year 12) and explain anything complicated. I am unable to find a good theoretical explanation of why it works.

Homework Statement: Hello, I have to explain using numbers the Zeeman effect for hydrogen and the setup needed. I have done some research and if I'm not wrong, then a magnetic field of 1 Tesla is needed. I have no idea how to achieve that using commercially available products and how to even begin to explain it.
Homework Equations: Could someone please explain the effect using simple concepts (as I have only started year 12) and explain anything complicated. I am unable to find a good theoretical explanation of why it works.

I have found that it is best to make your own electromagnet, a solenoid. Everywhere I read that to make it you need to have a flux density of 1 Telsa and for that, there would need to be an iron core in the middle of my solenoid. I understand that it is a way to achieve the needed flux density (to put the iron core in the middle), but if I understand correctly the sample of hydrogen would need to be inside the solenoid where there is the strongest field. Please help me understand this correctly.

 

[Charles Link]

You can get commercially available permanent magnets, made mostly of iron, but most likely the pole pieces are some kind of magnet other than iron that have magnetic field strength of something in the neighborhood of one Tesla in the gap between the poles. Let me see if I can find you a "link". http://info.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Workshop/advice/coils/gap/index.html The best "link" I could find is the design for an electromagnet. In the gap between the poles you can put hydrogen discharge tube=basically the same type of lamp mechanism that powers a mercury-xenon based fluorescent lamp. $\\$ With the magnet turned on, you will observe splittings of the spectral lines of a spectrometer=2 or more closely spaced lines where there previously was just a single line, due to the Zeeman effect. $\\$ And for theoretical explanation, the various atomic states (the electronic states) undergo slight energy shifts given by $\Delta E=-\vec{\mu} \cdot \vec{B}$, where $\vec{ \mu}$ can point either along $\vec{B}$ or opposite $\vec{B}$, giving two slightly different energy levels for the same $n$ and $l$, where there is only one energy level when $\vec{B} =0$. The amplitude of $\vec{\mu}$ for the electrons of hydrogen is in the neighborhood of the Bohr magneton $\mu_B=9.27\, E-24$ joules/Tesla. The other relevant energies here can be found by reading about the Bohr atom, where $E=-\frac{R}{n^2}$ where $R$ is the Rydberg constant. The spectral lines you will observe are caused by transitions from one integer $n$ to another. In this case, I believe the four main visible lines result from transitions from $n=6, 5, 4,$ and $3$ to $n=2$. These are the well-known lines of the Balmer series. You can observe splittings of these lines due to the Zeeman effect.