Organic chemistry is a branch of chemistry that studies the structure, properties and reactions of organic compounds, which contain carbon in covalent bonding. Study of structure determines their chemical composition and formula. Study of properties includes physical and chemical properties, and evaluation of chemical reactivity to understand their behavior. The study of organic reactions includes the chemical synthesis of natural products, drugs, and polymers, and study of individual organic molecules in the laboratory and via theoretical (in silico) study.
The range of chemicals studied in organic chemistry includes hydrocarbons (compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen) as well as compounds based on carbon, but also containing other elements, especially oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus (included in many biochemicals) and the halogens. Organometallic chemistry is the study of compounds containing carbon–metal bonds.
In addition, contemporary research focuses on organic chemistry involving other organometallics including the lanthanides, but especially the transition metals zinc, copper, palladium, nickel, cobalt, titanium and chromium.
Organic compounds form the basis of all earthly life and constitute the majority of known chemicals. The bonding patterns of carbon, with its valence of four—formal single, double, and triple bonds, plus structures with delocalized electrons—make the array of organic compounds structurally diverse, and their range of applications enormous. They form the basis of, or are constituents of, many commercial products including pharmaceuticals; petrochemicals and agrichemicals, and products made from them including lubricants, solvents; plastics; fuels and explosives. The study of organic chemistry overlaps organometallic chemistry and biochemistry, but also with medicinal chemistry, polymer chemistry, and materials science.
Hello. I have a couple of questions.
Why are the boiling points of alkenes lower than alkanes?
My thinking: something with van der waas forces?. Not sure.
Why do haloalkanes have higher boiling points than alkanes?
My thinking: dipole-dipole forces?
What is an experiment that can...
Hey guys,
I have a quick question.
I signed up to take Organic over the summer trying to get in all the pre-reqs for a 2+4 Pharm-D program. I would really like to do well in this class and was wondering is there anything I should review or any good study habits or methods I can use to ace...
At present I am still uncertain about my academic education (that is, which subject to study). If I were to decide on chemistry, would you commend organic or inorganic chemistry? Why? How are the two different when it comes to studying them?
Answers are appreciated.
Homework Statement
I am trying to figure out what is produced from the reaction of sodium borohydride and methyl benzoate. How would you name it? I am really bad at nomenclature...
Homework Equations
NaBH4 + C6H5COOCH3The Attempt at a Solution
My result is bascially methyl benzoate, but...
Hello,
I am a physics undergrad...getting ready for my final semester this summer. I have to take a chemistry class (actually, anything above a first General Chemistry class). It just so happens that the ONLY such Chem class they offer (small school) during my final semester is Organic...
Since Benedict's test is testing for the presence of a reducing agent (in the form of a carbohydrate), would that not mean it would give a false positive if acid was present (i.e. is acid not considered to be a reducing agent, it being a proton donor)?
Hi,
I am supposed to design 2 experiments for my senior year Chem class.
Right now I cannot think of anything that is interesting, relatively advanced but at the same time at a high school level (its only a design lab so I can include advanced equipments).
Topics that interest me the...
Okay, so I'm having trouble with a question on a Pre-Lab assignment.
The question is,
"Acetanilide is more soluble in etyhl acetate than in hexane. Why? Draw the structures of etyl acetate and hexane in your explanation."
So I know Acetandilide is polar, and hexane is a solvent for...
Homework Statement
Draw and name all of the structural isomers of hydrocarbons with the formula C6H12 (cyclohexane).
2. Relevant information
This is "only" a grade 11 Chemistry Assignment, therefore I only really need the basics when it comes to isomers- not some of the more complex...
Homework Statement
Write a detailed mechanism for the following reaction:
Attached picture
Homework Equations
N/A
The Attempt at a Solution
Okay, I know this is PART of the mechanism for the oxidation of a glycol by periodic acid which causes cleavage of the C-C bond between the...
Homework Statement
I have a benzene ring with one methyl group attached and 1-butyne as the two reagents. The final product is a combinination of both into one molecule with the alkyne group in the butyne becoming an oxacyclopropane and the first carbon in the alkyne becoming attached to the...
I bought a pack from the organic market by my house.
WOW WOW WOW. This is amazing.
http://pro.corbis.com/images/OF007280.jpg?size=67&uid=%7B0D49653C-5825-496F-B49A-A113C233E388%7D
Its paper thin slices of ham and is sooo good.
How do GM crops (both current and potential in the near future) compare with organic in terms of output per acre? How does it compete with such methods as Fukuoka Natural Farming, and other forms of permaculture?
Hi
When naming organic compounds, hydrocarbons for example, it's very common to have several radicals of the same group attached to the 'main' carbon line. So for example, pentane, with 5 carbons in a row. Suppose we add 2 methyl to it, one on carbon 2 and one or carbon 3. We'd then have to...
Organic Chemistry!
Ok so I've been looking absolutely everywhere and cannot find an example to go by ANYWHERE... how in the world does a mechanism work for the synthesis using the catalyst potassium tert-butoxide?? The reactant is 2-bromo-3-methyl-butyl-4-benzene. Any hints at all would be...
Homework Statement
Use a flow chart to distinguish between: 1-hexene, cyclohexanol, 1-bromobutane, 1-propanol, 2-hexene, 1-hexyne, 2-bromopentane, 3-methyl-3-hexanol, 3-bromo-3-methylhexane by using a positive and negative test by adding other compoundsHomework Equations
N/AThe Attempt at a...
I'm only a high school junior, but I am debating on whether to take AP Chemistry in senior year or wait till the first/second year of college (it's required either way).
However, I have a pretty odd situation since I took pre-AP Chemistry over the summer (not my own school's) and everyone...
Hi everyone,
I was wondering if someone could please explain to me the concept of
waveguiding, coupling/coupled, and guiding mode.
Here is an application of these terms:
The photons emitted in the active region of OLEDs are
coupled into three types of modes: direct transmission into...
this isn't exactly an specific question but a general one. I know that weak bases make good nucleophiles but how do I determine what bases are the weakest, what is weak enough to be considered a "good nucleophile" I'm a little confused please help thanks a lot!
Homework Statement
Find the major organic product B of http://www.webassign.net/userimages/kasandbe/CH221_ssii_02/CH221_exam2_ssii_02_7a.gif
(with ethanol at 0 degrees Celsius)
Homework Equations
The Attempt at a Solution
I thought that since it is a SN1 reaction the -OTs would...
Homework Statement
Which isomer is more basic in the following pairs:
o-methyl aniline or p-methyl aniline
o-chloro aniline or p - chloro aniline
o - chloro aniline or o-floro aniline
o-nitro aniline or p-nitro aniline
Homework Statement
This is a problem based off of the article published in Science about MIT's organic solar concentrators.
The arrangement that I'm dealing with is a dye layer in a glass window, with the solar cells on the side of the window.
The absorption re-emission efficiency of dye...
Organic Chemistry question!
How do you write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction that can occur between p-toluidine and hydrochloric acid?? and is benzoic acid a polar or non-polar molecule overall??
I was wondering does bromide react with propanol or propanal at all?
Also, what answers do people get for this question, i say it either propanol or propanal as i don't know if either reacts with bromide and both would be a suitable answer.
The question is:
Compound A has a molar mass...
I was wondering does bromide react with propanol or propanal at all?
Also, what answers do people get for this question, i say it either propanol or propanal as i don't know if either reacts with bromide and both would be a suitable answer.
The question is:
Compound A has a molar mass...
Homework Statement
Part of a long question:
suggest the type of reaction occurring:
(C6H5)3C-NH-CH(CH3)-CO-NHCH2COOH -----> (C6H5)3C-H + NH2-CH(CH3)-CO-NHCH2COOH
The Attempt at a Solution
what i got in mind is that it could a free radical substitution reaction?! using H2...
Homework Statement
I'm trying to determine whether the arrowed nitrogen is acidic or basic. Apparently the answer is that it is acidic. I don't really understand how I am suppose to make that call. That nitrogen is part of secondary amine that is basic, with resonance effect from the oxygen...
I am confused with how these reaction occurs. I don't know the
polarity of compunds like NaHCO3, Amyl acetate, Benzoic Acid, Phenol, and EthylamineOrganic Sample with 1M HC with 1M NaOH with NaHCO3
Amyl acetate insoluble insoluble X
Cyclohexane...
Homework Statement
Name the following compound:
CH3CH2C(CH3)2CH(CH2CH3)CH2CH2CH3
It's an alkane (Is there a way to see that it's an alkane when it's in this format?)
Homework Equations
The Attempt at a Solution
I really have no idea where to start. I can name compounds...
Homework Statement
1)(CH_3)_3CCH(OH)CH_3+ HBr ->
I believe reaction should be elimination because Br^ - is a weaker nucleophile than OH^ - so it cannot substitute it.
2)CH_3CH_2CHBrCH_3 + EtO^ -->
Substitution?
3) Compare the nucleophilicity ofNH_3 and PH_3
NH_3 has more e^ - density so...
Hi,
I was looking around at graduate schools and was curious if anyone knew of places where they are doing research into organic electronics or organic photovoltaics?
I found a research department at MIT and Stanford, but I was looking for something perhaps one tier below that.
It...
CH3CH2CH2CH2OH
A benzene ring with an OH group attached on the top and a NO2 group attached at the bottom.
A benzene ring with an OH group attached on the top and a CH3 group attached at the bottom.
A benzene ring with an OH group attached on the top
And my question is, how...
Hi,
This is probably a really easy question, but I need help in finding the answers to it. Let's say I have a some raw chemical A (example: water) and I want to make it into a chemical B (example: something with an -OH). However, I don't want to use any chemical means but do everything via...
Homework Statement
Two protons have different pKas: 3.50 and 4.25. The molecule is 2-bromo-3-nitrophthalic acid (if I'm naming it correctly). Assign the correct pKa to each proton.
http://uploader.ws/upload/200805/pkablank.jpgHomework Equations
A lower pKa means a stronger acid, which means...
We all know that hydroxide will never be a leaving group in an SN2 reaction, no matter how strong the nucleophile. Yet an intermediate containing R-O- is created when a nucleophile adds to a carbonyl compound. It looks sort of like a leaving group, but it's still attatched to the molecule...
We've been doing syntheses for a little bit in class and I just can't get these. I'm having trouble taking the final compound and figuring out how to synthesize it from the starting compound(s). I feel like I'm better using reverse synthesis but I'm still getting stumped on that. I just can't...
Hello
I am taking organic chemistry I and II this summer and our required text is by Solomons, is there a nice book that you guys recommend to replace/supplement this text?
I am a math student and it appears that the orgo books follow the same trend as calculus books (Stewart, Larson, etc..)...
Homework Statement
Why doesn't CH3CH2OH (alcohol) conduct electricity but CH3COOH does?
Homework Equations
The Attempt at a Solution
I did some research on the website( answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080411203909AAqYaN1). It mentions about the difference of bonding...
Homework Statement
Salbutamol is as shown below. (i managed the display off google which is similar to that of the book)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Salbutamol-2D-skeletal.png/800px-Salbutamol-2D-skeletal.png"
except for the cyclic ring is a benzene ring...
Homework Statement
Which of the substances below is least soluable in water?
A. CH2OHCHOHCH2OH
B. CH3COCH3
C. CH3CH2COOH
D. CH3COOCH3
Homework Equations
The Attempt at a Solution
I think bith B and C are not possible since B can dissolve in water easily and C is acid...
Homework Statement
please check PDF
Homework Equations
none
The Attempt at a Solution
I have no idea how to attempt this problem set. The instructor had this insane idea that if he gave us questions that we've never seen/dealt with before that he'd be doing a better job...
Organic element symbol "R"
I keep hearing different things about what exactly the letter R represents in organic chemical structures. Does the R always represent an alkyl group or can it represent groups with heteroatoms? For example...
I'm a bit confused about what alkyl groups are in organic chemistry. I thought functional groups by definition where groups of atoms which contained at least 1 element other than carbon or hydrogen which were connected to the carbon skeleton of the molecule.
What are alkyl groups then? I read...
If a person drank methanol, they would go blind, and their breathalyser analysis (in units of mg/100 mL blood) would be in error. Its reading would be?
I have a lab question that I'm stuck on.
For your assigned molecule evaluate the energy barrriers to the rotation:
from anti to gauche
from gauche to gauche
from gauche to anti
I have data/graph of steric energy vs. dihedral angle of 1-chloropropane, but I don't know how to use...
I was working on my chem lab, this question occurred to me. Water and dichloromethane are both polar molecule. However, dichloromethane is able to mix with alcohols much better than water. Is there a polarity difference that caused the miscibility to be different?
I just learned octane numbers in organic chemistry a few days ago, and I'm extremely confused about it. From what I understand, the octane number indicates resistance of a motor fuel to knock, and "knock" is the tendency for the fuel to detonate before hit by spark. Is there an easier way to...