Is p(X) closed in X** for a Banach space X?

In summary, we have shown that for a Banach space X, the image of the map p:X-->X**, defined by p(x)=T_x where T_x:X*-->F is defined by T_x(x*)=x*(x), is closed in X**. This is proven by using the Hahn-Banach theorem to show that p is an isometry, which implies that its image is closed.
  • #1
math8
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Let X be a Banach space. We show p(X) is closed in X**, where p:X-->X** is defined by p(x)=T_x and T_x:X*-->F is defined by T_x(x*)=x*(x) (F is a field).

I think I should pick a convergent sequence {x_n} in p(X) (x_n -->x)and show that x belongs to p(X). i.e. show there exists a w in X such that p(w)=x.
But for some reason I am not getting the answer.
 
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  • #2
You can use the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hahn-Banach_theorem" to show that p is an isometry. This then easily implies that its image is closed.
 
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1. What is a Banach space?

A Banach space is a complete normed vector space, meaning that it is a vector space with a defined norm (or measurement of size) for each vector, and all Cauchy sequences (sequences of vectors whose terms get arbitrarily close to each other) in the space converge to a limit that is also in the space.

2. What is the significance of Banach spaces in mathematics?

Banach spaces are important in many areas of mathematics, including functional analysis, harmonic analysis, and partial differential equations. They provide a framework for studying functions and spaces of functions, and have many useful properties that make them powerful tools in analysis.

3. Can you give an example of a Banach space?

Yes, the space of all real-valued continuous functions on a closed interval [a, b] is a Banach space. The norm of a function in this space is defined as the maximum absolute value of the function on the interval, and the completeness of this space follows from the fact that all continuous functions on a closed interval are uniformly continuous.

4. How are Banach spaces related to Hilbert spaces?

Hilbert spaces are a special type of Banach space, where the norm is induced by an inner product. This means that in addition to having a defined norm, Hilbert spaces also have a defined notion of orthogonality. Many of the properties and theorems that hold for Banach spaces also hold for Hilbert spaces, but Hilbert spaces have additional structure that allows for more geometric interpretations and applications.

5. What are some applications of Banach spaces in real-world problems?

Banach spaces have numerous applications in various fields, such as physics, engineering, and economics. For example, they are used in the study of differential equations and in optimization problems. They also have applications in computer science, particularly in the field of machine learning, where they are used to represent and analyze data sets and models.

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