We present a molecular-level model for the origin and evolution of the translation system, using a 3D comparative method. In this model, the ribosome evolved by accretion, recursively adding expansion segments, iteratively growing, subsuming, and freezing the rRNA. Functions of expansion segments in the ancestral ribosome are assigned by correspondence with their functions in the extant ribosome. The model explains the evolution of the large ribosomal subunit, the small ribosomal subunit, tRNA, and mRNA. Prokaryotic ribosomes evolved in six phases, sequentially acquiring capabilities for RNA folding, catalysis, subunit association, correlated evolution, decoding, energy-driven translocation, and surface proteinization. Two additional phases exclusive to eukaryotes led to tentacle-like rRNA expansions. In this model, ribosomal proteinization was a driving force for the broad adoption of proteins in other biological processes. The exit tunnel was clearly a central theme of all phases of ribosomal evolution and was continuously extended and rigidified. In the primitive noncoding ribosome, proto-mRNA and the small ribosomal subunit acted as cofactors, positioning the activated ends of tRNAs within the peptidyl transferase center. This association linked the evolution of the large and small ribosomal subunits, proto-mRNA, and tRNA.
Reverse engineering evolution is the process of studying and understanding the mechanisms and processes that drive evolution, in order to recreate or manipulate them in a controlled manner.
Scientists study reverse engineering evolution to gain a better understanding of how organisms evolve and adapt to their environments. This knowledge can help us develop new technologies and treatments, as well as improve our understanding of the history of life on Earth.
Reverse engineering evolution is different from traditional evolution in that it involves intentionally manipulating and recreating evolutionary processes, rather than simply observing and studying them in natural environments.
Some techniques used in reverse engineering evolution include genetic engineering, artificial selection, and computational modeling. These methods allow scientists to manipulate and simulate evolutionary processes in a controlled setting.
The potential applications of reverse engineering evolution are vast and varied. They include developing new medicines and treatments, creating more efficient and sustainable crops, and understanding and predicting the effects of environmental changes on species and ecosystems.