In the line equation ax + by + c = 0, (a, b) is a normal of the line. Another way to write the same equation is <(a, b), (x, y)> = -c, where < , > is the scalar product. It follows from properties of < , > that if <p, q> = w then if you take any vector n, orthogonal to p, <p, q+n> is also = w...