Understanding some more set theory for statistics

AI Thread Summary
The discussion focuses on the application of set theory in statistics, highlighting the challenges faced by individuals trying to understand advanced concepts. Key topics include basic set operations like intersection and union, as well as more complex ideas such as sigma algebras and topological properties. Participants emphasize the importance of identifying the specific level of set theory one wishes to study to receive appropriate book recommendations. The conversation also touches on the relevance of set cardinality and its implications in probability theory. Overall, the thread seeks guidance on resources to bridge the gap in understanding set theory for statistical applications.
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Hope this is the right forum for my question.

I'm into statistics and quite often see assumptions involving set theory. I know some set theory but am having trouble understanding it for any application. I would like to narrow this gap, maybe because this type of mathematics seems most interesting to me or Maybe because it seems so hard? Anyway, my problem when studying some books is that I'm having a hard time imagining any set theory than the most basic. For example, I've looked at descrptive set theory, it seemed hard though. Therefore I would like to ask you about any book you could recommend.

My question is a bit fuzzy but I hope you know what I mean. Thanks!
 
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To get good advice, I think you must indicate the level of set theory you want to study.

Elementary probability theory uses concepts such as intersection, complement, union, De Morgan's laws.

It uses permutations and combinations of sets of things - Is that part of the set theory you want to study?

Advanced probability uses limits of sequences of sets, sigma algebras of sets.

It may use topological properties of sets such as "everywhere dense", "connected".

It may use properties of set cardinality such as "countably infinite".
 
Yes, sigma algebras, filtrations, probability spaces, etc. are some of the things I would like to read more about. For example, what is meant by a Polish space being used as a state space.
 
I was reading documentation about the soundness and completeness of logic formal systems. Consider the following $$\vdash_S \phi$$ where ##S## is the proof-system making part the formal system and ##\phi## is a wff (well formed formula) of the formal language. Note the blank on left of the turnstile symbol ##\vdash_S##, as far as I can tell it actually represents the empty set. So what does it mean ? I guess it actually means ##\phi## is a theorem of the formal system, i.e. there is a...

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