Are all electrons perfectly identical?

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Are all electrons perfectly identical? How can we be sure that all electons have the exact same mass electric charge etc. considering that we leave in a world that perfect doesn't exist ... I mean how do we know that electon's A mass can't defer at some point in infinity than electon's B mass thus having different mass that we simply arent able to measure?
 

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An electron is a fundamental particle which has certain observed properties.
Anything which had other observed properties would not be an electron.
 
rootone said:
An electron is a fundamental particle which has certain observed properties.
Anything which had other properties would not -be an electron.
Hi @rootone:

Perhaps you ought to add a short discussion about spin, since electrons are distinguishable into two sub-categories based on spin. This concept may be a bit advanced, but I think a brief explanation would be helpful to Xalkias.

Regards,
Buzz
 
True, I was aware of the spin property, but didn't think of it at the time.
Yes the spin property can be one way or the other.
I really can't be on here longer for tonight or will have GF trouble, but hopefully somebody else might be able to elaborate.
 
Yeah, electrons are standard. They all have the same charge, which is fundamental to the electron. Even though their mass is probably not the same for all of them, it probably varies by an amount that is negligible and not worth discussion. So for all basic purposes, we shouldn't have to worry about electrons differing much.
 
Buzz Bloom said:
electrons are distinguishable into two sub-categories based on spin.

All electrons have the same magnitude of intrinsic angular momentum ("spin"), namely ##(\sqrt{3}/2) \hbar##. What differs between electrons is the orientation of intrinsic angular momentum, or more precisely the probabilities of its orientation relative to a specified axis. These probabilities can change for a particular electron depending on circumstances, so they shouldn't be considered as fundamental properties.
 
Buzz Bloom said:
Perhaps you ought to add a short discussion about spin, since electrons are distinguishable into two sub-categories based on spin.

I suspect you don't understand the spin property of an electron

from Wiki
The electron has an intrinsic angular momentum or spin of 1/2.[69] This property is usually stated by referring to the electron as a spin-1/2 particle.[68] For such particles the spin magnitude is √3/2 ħ.[note 3] while the result of the measurement of a projection of the spin on any axis can only be ±ħ/2. In addition to spin, the electron has an intrinsic magnetic moment along its spin axis.[69] It is approximately equal to one Bohr magneton,[73][note 4] which is a physical constant equal to 6976927400914999999♠9.27400915(23)×10−24 joules per tesla.[69] The orientation of the spin with respect to the momentum of the electron defines the property of elementary particles known as helicity.[74]

jtbell beat me to itDave
 
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There's also the muon and tau, which are not exactly electrons, but are like more massive versions of electrons.
 
mathman said:
Free electrons don't distinguish spin up from spin down.
Hi mathman:

I am sure that you are mistaken about this. You may find the following link of interest.

An apparatus can be set up that will measure the spin of a free electron with respect to a reference vector. The measurement will turn out to be either parallel to the vector, or in the opposite direction. This will be true no matter what direction the reference vector points. Calling one direction "up" and the other "down" is arbitrary, since the reference vector could just as well been pointing in the opposite direction.

Regards,
Buzz
 
davenn said:
in the context of the OP's Q that isn't really relevant
Hi davenn:

You may certainly be right about this. That is why I used the word "perhaps". I am curious why you decided that the OP's purpose in asking the Q implies that he would have no interest in spin as a distinguishing property of different electrons.

Regards,
Buzz
 
mathman said:
Spin is a quantum number associated with an electron in an atom. Free electrons don't distinguish spin up from spin down.

<irony>That's why the Stern–Gerlach experiment doesn't work.</irony>
 
Buzz Bloom said:
I am curious why you decided that the OP's purpose in asking the Q implies that he would have no interest in spin as a distinguishing property of different electrons.

because he was specifically asking about mass and charge

and if YOU want to include spin as well, then it also doesn't change as has been said, its an intrinsic property of an electron :wink::smile:Dave
 
Xalkias said:
Are all electrons perfectly identical? How can we be sure that all electons have the exact same mass electric charge etc. considering that we leave in a world that perfect doesn't exist ... I mean how do we know that electon's A mass can't defer at some point in infinity than electon's B mass thus having different mass that we simply arent able to measure?

The evidence is, like in all science, statistical. All known behaviours of electrons that have been observed are consistent with what is known as the Fermi-Dirac distribution - which describes the probability of finding an electron (any electron) in a given state [itex]\vec{\mu}[/itex] , given some Hamiltonian [itex]H(\vec{\mu})[/itex] at a specitic termperature [itex]T[/itex].

One of the fundamental assumptions of the Fermi-Dirac distribution is the indistinguishably of the particles. They are perfectly the same in every respect and you can't even in principle identify one from the other. All you can say is how many electrons are in a specific state, (which must be either 0 or 1), but nothing about which electron is in that state.
 
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jtbell said:
What differs between electrons is the orientation of intrinsic angular momentum, or more precisely the probabilities of its orientation relative to a specified axis.
davenn said:
I suspect you don't understand the spin property of an electron
Hi jtbell and davenn:

I am sure that both of you have a great deal more understanding of QM than I do. I have a feeling that our disagreement is one of interpretation of "orientation" and "spin property" rather one of facts, but I may be mistaken about this as well.

Are you both telling me
(1) that when a measurement is made of the orientation of the spin of an electron, there are more than two possible values the measurement can be,​
or
(2) that the two possible measurement values are not a distinguishing characteristic of electrons,​
or
(3) Neither?
​
If (1), then I would much appreciate a reference that will explain this, since as far back as I can remember trying to learn about QM, this was always a certainty.
If (2), then it is possible I am misinterpreting the concept of spin as a "degree of freedom" regarding the number of possible distinct particle types/species that are in equilibrium with each other as a function of temperature. The following is from
http://www.helsinki.fi/~hkurkisu/cosmology/Cosmo6.pdf​
ThermalHistoryTable1.png

If you look at Leptons, there are 12 of the charged variety, of which four are of the electron-positron variety: two electrons and two positrons, each of which have two varieties of spin. This is an example of why spin seemed to be a much of a distinguishing characteristic as charge.
If (3), then please post an explanation.

Regards,
Buzz
 
dipole said:
One of the fundamental assumptions of the Fermi-Dirac distribution is the indistinguishably of the particles. They are perfectly the same in every respect and you can't even in principle identify one from the other. All you can say is how many electrons are in a specific state, (which must be either 0 or 1), but nothing about which electron is in that state.
Hi dipole:

I agree that this is the values of a property of electrons before a property is measured is undefined. Only a distribution of probabilities of what a measurement might be for each (assuming discrete values) possible values is knowable. However, a measurement can determine an actual value for a particular particle, but then that particular particle is no longer in equilibrium with the other particles as established for the Fermi-Dirac distribution.

Regards,
Buzz
 
the great Richard Feynman believed that there was only 1 electron to expain everything :)
 
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lychette said:
the great Richard Feynman believed that thewre was only 1 electron ! to expain everything :)
I'm not sure if that story is a myth although I heard it before.
If he did say that, I doubt that he put it as strongly as a belief, more likely meaning that such as solution is allowable mathematically, not that it is probable.
 
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rootone. I agree, if there is any difference it does not show :) only 1 electron 'could' explain all. I love the ideas and the thought processes
 
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Xalkias said:
Are all electrons perfectly identical? How can we be sure that all electons have the exact same mass electric charge etc. considering that we leave in a world that perfect doesn't exist ... I mean how do we know that electon's A mass can't defer at some point in infinity than electon's B mass thus having different mass that we simply arent able to measure?

The indistinguishability of elementary particles of the same type is a conclusion of quantum field theory.
 
I "liked" post 14 as it notes that even the sligtest difference between electron masses would make them distinguishable and then their statistics would not be as they are.