Changing direction while maintaining speed results in a change in velocity, as velocity is a vector quantity that includes direction. To calculate acceleration, one must consider the change in velocity over time, which is defined as acceleration. Even if speed remains constant, a change in direction implies a non-zero change in velocity, leading to acceleration. The discussion emphasizes the importance of treating velocity as a vector and applying the appropriate mathematical principles, such as vector addition and the Pythagorean theorem, to analyze motion. Understanding these concepts is crucial for accurately calculating acceleration in scenarios involving directional changes.