Before operating systems, computers were operated manually, requiring users to input programs through methods like punch cards or front panel switches. Early computing involved direct manipulation of hardware, where users entered binary instructions and controlled memory addresses using toggle switches. Dumb terminals were used for input but lacked processing capabilities, essentially serving as a means to load programs into computers. As technology advanced, simple operating systems emerged, allowing for more efficient program execution and management of resources. The evolution from manual programming to early operating systems marked a significant shift in computer usability and accessibility.