Conceptual question on field/displacement

[johng23]

I have a very basic problem in understanding the relationship between electric field and displacement. If a field is applied to a dielectric, it is clear that this will cause the material to polarize, and one can define the permittivity of the material to quantify the size of this effect. Since we can write D=\epsilon E, we can also define the inverse permittivity E=\kappa D. But conceptually, I can't make sense of the displacement as the independent variable. How does a polarization give rise to a macroscopic field in the same direction? If anything, a polarization seems associated with a field in the opposite direction (by imagining the situation in the center of a dipole), although I know that macroscopic E&M says nothing about these microscopic fields.

If I think about the case of stress and strain, I can easily imagine how either one gives rise to the other. Where is my problem?

 

[johng23]

Ok, the answer is just to take the superposition of the fields from many dipoles. Everything should cancel except the field parallel to the polarization.