# Conservation of Momentum Fluids Question

1. Oct 19, 2016

### joshmccraney

1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data
I am studying for an upcoming exam and stumbled upon a website with a bunch of practice problems. I would typically state the question but this one is so long and requires a picture so here is the hyperlink to it: http://web.mit.edu/2.25/www/5_10/5_10.html

2. Relevant equations
Bernoulli, mass/momentum conservation.

3. The attempt at a solution
I'll write out the equations I have (I'm not interested in actually solving them, just want to know I can set it up). Applying conservation of mass yields $$2 \pi r^2 V_1 = \pi R^2 V_2$$. Bernoulli yields $$\frac{P_1}{\rho}+\frac{V_1^2}{2} = \frac{P_2}{\rho}+\frac{V_2^2}{2}$$ Conservation of momentum is $$2 \pi r^2 V_1^2 \hat{r} + \pi R^2 V_2^2 \hat{x} = -2 \pi r^2 P_1\hat{r} - \pi R^2 P_2\hat{x} - F_{wall} \hat{x}$$

where $F_{wall}$ is the force the wall exerts on the control volume. Let me know if I should explain anything I wrote. Thanks so much for looking this over!

2. Oct 23, 2016

### haruspex

I do not understand your momentum equation. $\hat r$ is not a single direction. What is the total momentum of the inflow in the x direction?
Why are you adding the inflow and outflow momenta?
Is the minus sign in front of the F supposed to be an equals sign? Or maybe = - F ...?

3. Oct 24, 2016

### joshmccraney

You're right; since $\hat{r}$ changes wrt $\theta$ it cannot simply come out of the integral (brain fart on my part). How about this: a force balance on the described control volume assuming inviscid, stead, constant density yields $$\int_{A_1} \rho (-V_1 \hat{r}) (-V_1 \hat{r} \cdot \hat{r}) \,dA_1 + \int_{A_2} \rho (V_2 \hat{x}) (V_2 \hat{x} \cdot \hat{x}) \,dA_2 = -\int_{A_1} P_1 \hat{r} \,dA_1 -\int_{A_2} P_2 \hat{x} \,dA_2-F_{wall} \hat{x}$$
where the lhs is the convective term and the rhs is the pressure force and the force of the wall acting on the control volume.

4. Oct 24, 2016

### haruspex

How are you defining A1 and A2? Don't the two pressures act over the same area?

5. Oct 24, 2016

### joshmccraney

I've defined $A_1$ as the hemispherical surface to the left side of the wall, as sketched in the figure. $A_2$ is the circular output that allows flow to go from the left side to the right side.

6. Oct 24, 2016

### haruspex

In that case I agree with your equation.
Edit: I think there is a problem with your P2 integral. This needs to be over a circle radius r (the large radius), not just over the hole (A2). And I assume this will come out to be opposite in sign to the P1 integral.
By the way, there is an easy way to do the P1 integral.

Last edited: Oct 24, 2016
7. Oct 26, 2016

### joshmccraney

Now if I made the control volume touch the wall inside the left side and had it going down and then following the hole of radius $R$ (so the CV looks kind of like a mushroom) would I still integrate over the area of the large radius $r$ or could I then integrate over the area of small $R$?

How are you suggesting doing the $P_1$ integral?

8. Oct 26, 2016

### haruspex

The question asks for the net force on the wall over a circle radius r, no? So you need to consider the pressure over that area on both sides.

For the integral of P1, imagine the situation with the hole blocked, so the pressure on the left is P1 everywhere.

9. Oct 26, 2016

### joshmccraney

I'm not sure what you're saying here? Could you elaborate?

10. Oct 26, 2016

### haruspex

If the hole were blocked, the whole of the left side would be at pressure P1. Consider the hemisphere of fluid radius r. The net horizontal force from the pressure P1 acting on the curved surface must balance the net horizontal force from the same pressure acting on the flat surface. What would that equal?

11. Oct 26, 2016

### joshmccraney

This would be $\pi r^2 P_1$.

12. Oct 26, 2016

### haruspex

Exactly.

13. Oct 27, 2016

### joshmccraney

So you're saying we could replace the spherical integral with the $\pi r^2 P_1$ (for constant $P_1$)? This seems like you're almost using Stoke's theorem (same surface boundary but different surface). Is it at all related?

14. Oct 27, 2016

### haruspex

No, it has nothing to do with Stokes' Theorem. That sort of theorem relates integrals over manifolds of different dimensions. It the same as the principle by which the relationship between surface tension, pressure and bubble size is found. Integral of pressure over bubble cross section equals net force on each hemisphere.

15. Oct 27, 2016

### joshmccraney

So are you referring to the young-laplace equation?

16. Oct 27, 2016

### Staff: Mentor

Josh,

You are going to have to use spherical coordinates to solve this problem. Let Q be the volumetric throughput rate. The velocity in the left compartment is in the radial spherical coordinate direction, and is equal to $\frac{Q}{2\pi r^2}$. The pressure at r is $$p=p_1-\frac{\rho}{2}\left(\frac{Q}{2\pi r^2}\right)^2$$ What is the mass flow rate per unit area into the control volume? If $\theta$ is the angle between the x-axis and the spherical surface at r, what is the differential area of control surface between $\theta$ and $\theta + d\theta$?

17. Oct 27, 2016

### joshmccraney

The surface area would be $r \, d\phi \,r \cos \phi \, d\theta : \phi \in [-\pi,\pi], \theta \in [-\pi,\pi]$ (wrote like this so you can see my logic). I've defined $\phi$ as the angle the radius makes coming out of the plane with the x-y plane taken from the origin (so slightly different than convention).

How did you arrive at this pressure term $p(r)$? It is obvious your velocity is volumetric flow rate per hemisphere area.

And based on the expression for velocity, isn't mass flow rate per unit area $V \rho$.

18. Oct 27, 2016

### Staff: Mentor

The system is axisymmetric, so the longitudinal direction doesn't need to be considered. The differential area I was envisioning was $2\pi (r\sin{\theta})rd\theta$. My $\theta$ is the acute angle that any line through the origin makes with the negative x-axis. It is the standard $\theta$ coordinate that is used in spherical coordinates.
I applied Bernoulli equation to the points at radius = infinity (p = p1) and radius = r (pressure=p). Regarding the (radial) velocity, yes it is the volumetric flow rate per unit area.
Yes. The mass flow rate per unit area is $\frac{\rho Q}{2\pi r^2}$. So, the mass flow rate through the differential area between $\theta$ and $\theta + d\theta$ is:
$$2\pi (r\sin{\theta})rd\theta\frac{\rho Q}{2\pi r^2}=\rho Q sin{\theta}d\theta$$The x-compoent of fluid velocity is $\frac{Q}{2\pi r^2}\cos{\theta}$. So what is the amount of x-momentum entering the control volume through the portion of the control surface between $\theta$ and $\theta + d\theta$?

19. Oct 27, 2016

### joshmccraney

I am getting that total momentum entering through that side of the sphere is $-\pi r^2 V^2 \rho = -\pi r^2 (\frac{\rho Q}{2\pi r^2})^2 \rho$. I know this isn't what you asked for (yet?) but I tried going ahead. What I did was $$\iint_{A_1} \rho \vec{V} (\vec{V} \cdot \hat{n}) \, dS = \int_0^\pi \int_{\pi/2}^{3\pi/2} \rho r^2 \sin \phi (-V \hat{r})(-V\hat{r} \cdot \hat{r}) \, d\theta \, d\phi \implies \\ M_x=\int_0^\pi \int_{\pi/2}^{3\pi/2} \rho r^2 \sin \phi V^2 (\hat{r} \cdot \hat{x}) \, d\theta \, d\phi\\ =\int_0^\pi \int_{\pi/2}^{3\pi/2} \rho r^2 V^2 \cos \theta \sin^2 \phi \, d\theta \, d\phi$$
How does this look?

20. Oct 27, 2016

### Staff: Mentor

It doesn't make sense to me. As I said, $\phi$, the longitudinal angle should integrate out because the flow is symmetric about the x axis. I think you are having trouble applying spherical coordinates. $\theta$ should only run from zero to pi/2. $\phi$ should run from 0 to 2pi. Please draw a diagram showing your understanding of the angle $\theta$. What do you get for the rate of x momentum entering if you use my relationship, and how does it compare with your result?