Diff. eq. for the Einstein metric inside a body

[gijeqkeij]

Solving the Einstein eq. i found the following differential eq. that would descrive the metric inside a body:
x²d²y(x)/dx²+2xD₁(y)dy(x)/dx+D₂(y)=0
where D₁(y) and D₂(y) are known function of y and 0<=x<=1.
I try to solve numerically but looks like there is a cusp; any suggestion how to approach that eq. or some links where that eq. is treated?
Ty

 

[gijeqkeij]

If we change the x with x=exp(-t) we have the following diff. eq.:
d²y/dt²+(1-2D₁)dy/dt+D₂=0
where 0<=t<=\infty.

Any hint? Do you know where this kind of eq. has been analyzed?

Ty

 

[MrSnoopy]

Hi.

Yes this is very difficult task you want to solve, but for my opinion is unsolvable in analytical way!
Why?
You don't know what kind of functions are D_{1}(y), D_{2}(y) this is main problem and even not knowing whether you can solve analytical or numerical, but for solving numerical this is very difficult task. If you know what function are D_{1}(y), D_{2}(y) than is trivial task as you already know

 

[gijeqkeij]

Hi.

Yes this is very difficult task you want to solve, but for my opinion is unsolvable in analytical way!
Why?
You don't know what kind of functions are D_{1}(y), D_{2}(y) this is main problem and even not knowing whether you can solve analytical or numerical, but for solving numerical this is very difficult task. If you know what function are D_{1}(y), D_{2}(y) than is trivial task as you already know

Thanks Snoopy. Actualli I know the D₁(y)=A₁*(B₁-y^e)/y^e+1/2 and D₂(y)=A₂(1-y^e)(B₂-y^e)/y^2e-1... (A_i, B_i, e are costants) but the problems is that when i try to solve that equation numerically y->0 for a finite value of t and that has no physical meaning (the metric degenerates at a finite (>0) distance from the center of the star). Why u said it's trivial if i would know D₁ and D₂?

 

[MrSnoopy]

No problem gijeqkeij.
It is only expression we use to simplify our life

Trivial task is only when"thinking" in numerical solving problem without analytical solution.
On the other hand you can see, with your note, that D(y), y \neq y(x) but you are want to solve DE y&#039;&#039;(t)+C_{1}\; y&#039;(t)= C_{2}
where C_{1}, C_{2} are only constants.
If I understand you correctly D_{1,2}(y),\; D_{1,2} \neq D_{1,2}(y(t)), if so you just have to solve DE second degree analytical

Glad to help
MrSnoopy

 

[gijeqkeij]

No problem gijeqkeij.
It is only expression we use to simplify our life

Trivial task is only when"thinking" in numerical solving problem without analytical solution.
On the other hand you can see, with your note, that D(y), y \neq y(x) but you are want to solve DE y&#039;&#039;(t)+C_{1}\; y&#039;(t)= C_{2}
where C_{1}, C_{2} are only constants.
If I understand you correctly D_{1,2}(y),\; D_{1,2} \neq D_{1,2}(y(t)), if so you just have to solve DE second degree analytical

Glad to help
MrSnoopy

Sorry Snoopy I guess I was unclear. The eq. to solve is: y&#039;&#039;(t)+C_{1}(y(t))\; y&#039;(t)= C_{2}(y(t)). I thought that kind of eq. received some attention in literature and I wonder if somebody can help me in finding papers that analyze that type of DE. Thanks

 

[MrSnoopy]

Hy

You wrote something like this:
D_{1}(y) = A_{1}\frac{B_{1}-y^{e}}{y^{e}}+\frac{1}{2} and
D_{2}(y) = A_{2} (1-y^{e})\frac{B_{2}-y^{e}}{y^{2e-1}}\;\;\; ...

where are A_{1}, A_{2}, B_{1},B_{2}, e=exp(1) \in const. OK this DE cannot be solve analytical

Numerical approach

x^{2}y&#039;&#039;(x)+\left[2xA_{1}(B_{1}y(x)^{-e}-1)+x \right]y&#039;(x) +A_{2}(B_{2}-y^{e})(y^{1-e}-y^{1-2e}) = 0

For knowing y(x=?)= ..., y&#039;(x= ?)= ... than make DE something like this:
y&#039;_{1} = y_{2}
y&#039;_{2} = -\frac{1}{x^{2}}\left[\left(2A_{1}x(B_{1}y^{-e}_{1}-1)+x\right)y_{2}+A_{2}(B_{2}-y^{e}_{1})(y^{1-e}-y^{1-2e})\right]

This is best to solve with Runge-Kutta 5 degree or with ode45 in MatLab or Octave.
I attach file with Runge-Kutta method in file.m (MatLab, Octave).
Write like this in MatLab:
f=inline([\; &#039;y(1)&#039; \; ;\; &#039;\frac{1}{x^2}\left[... \right]&#039;\;], &#039;x&#039; , &#039;y&#039; )

In Runge-Kutta file will output vector dimension 2*n where n is steps make in calculation.
Where you want do solve this equation on interval I second column in function RungeKutta5, y0(x=?)=[y(x=?) , y&#039;(x=?)] and for n put 100 or more.

I hope I helped you

MrSnoopy

 

[gijeqkeij]

Thanks Snoopy... that help but the problem is that a numerical solution bring to a singularity somewhere for t=t* (finite value). I wonder if somebody has analyzed that kind of eq. to identify what are (if any) the conditions for it's integrability.