Difference between the outer product

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Discussion Overview

The discussion revolves around the differences between the outer product and the tensor product in the context of quantum mechanics and linear algebra. Participants explore the definitions and implications of these products, as well as their representations in various bases.

Discussion Character

  • Exploratory, Technical explanation, Debate/contested

Main Points Raised

  • One participant asks about the difference between the outer product \(\left| v\right>\left< u\right|\) and the tensor product \(\left| v\right>\otimes\left|u\right|\), questioning whether the tensor product is a matrix representation of the outer product in some basis.
  • Another participant inquires about the distinction between a tensor product and a Kronecker product.
  • A clarification is made regarding the tensor product \(\left< v\right|\otimes\left| u\right|\).
  • One participant explains that \(|u>\) into \(\langle v|w\rangle|u\rangle\). They note that the tensor product of a vector space and its dual corresponds to the space of finite rank linear operators on the vector space.
  • The same participant contrasts this with \(|u>|v>\), which is an element of the tensor product of the vector space with itself, often used in physics for composite systems. They mention the isomorphism between the vector space and its dual, as well as between the space of composite states and the space of linear operators.
  • Finally, they assert that the Kronecker product is a specific representation of the tensor product that is useful for handling tensor products of linear operators.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants express differing views on the relationships and distinctions between the outer product, tensor product, and Kronecker product, indicating that multiple competing perspectives remain without a clear consensus.

Contextual Notes

The discussion includes assumptions about the nature of vector spaces and dual spaces, as well as the applicability of the concepts in different contexts, which may not be fully resolved.

Dragonfall
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Given \left| v\right&gt; and \left| u\right&gt; what is the difference between the outer product \left| v\right&gt;\left&lt; u\right| and the tensor product \left| v\right&gt;\otimes\left|u\right&gt;? Is the latter a matrix representation of the former in some basis? Which basis would that be?
 
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And what's the difference between a tensor product and a kronecker product?
 
I meant the tensor product \left&lt; v\right|\otimes\left| u\right&gt;.
 
|u><v| is a way of writing the tensor product of a vector and a dual vector (ie, an element of the Hilbert space and an element of its dual, which is usually casually identified with the Hilbert space using the inner product). This is a linear operator on the Hilbert space, sending |w> to <v|w>|u>. In general, the tensor product of a vector space and its dual is the space of (finite rank) linear operators on the vector space.

On the other hand, |u>|v> is an element of the tensor product of the vector space with itself, usually used in physics for describing a composite of two identical systems. Again, since there is an isomorphism between the vector space and its dual, there is one between the space of composite states and the space of linear operators. This is interesting, but I've never seen this put to good use.

Finally, the Kronecker product is just a particular representation of the tensor product, convenient for dealing with tensor products of linear operators.
 

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