Determining the appropriate dopants for a diode's pn junction to achieve a specific electromagnetic wavelength is not straightforward, as no accurate model exists for this process. The industry typically relies on empirical methods, where researchers create numerous batches with varying dopants and concentrations, measuring the resulting LED spectra and compiling the data into tables. While selecting a dopant that creates an ion center at a specific energy level can help approximate the desired color, there is no precise formula for achieving an exact wavelength. The substrate material of the LED also significantly influences the emitted color. This information highlights the complexity and empirical nature of designing diodes for specific electromagnetic emissions.