Does Electrical wire suffer 'wear' from electrons?

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Discussion Overview

The discussion centers around whether electrical wires, specifically copper wires, experience wear due to the movement of electrons, with a focus on the phenomenon of electromigration. Participants explore the implications of this effect in different contexts, including macroscopic wires versus micron-scale wires in integrated circuits, and consider the differences between direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC).

Discussion Character

  • Exploratory
  • Technical explanation
  • Debate/contested

Main Points Raised

  • One participant questions if copper wire deteriorates from electron movement, specifically in a vacuum scenario.
  • Another participant asserts that electromigration occurs, describing it as electrons pushing metal atoms around, which can lead to wire breakage, particularly in micron-scale wires.
  • A follow-up inquiry asks about the fate of the 'lost matter' due to electromigration.
  • A participant clarifies that the matter is not lost but rather redistributed, likening it to sediment being moved by a river.
  • A question is raised about whether the effects of electromigration are negated in AC circuits due to the bidirectional flow of electrons.
  • One participant notes that while electromigration is a concern in microcircuits, it is not typically a problem in larger power lines or power electronics, suggesting that the same issues may arise in AC as in DC under similar conditions.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants express differing views on the significance of electromigration in various contexts, with some indicating it is a minor issue for macroscopic wires while others emphasize its importance in microcircuits. The discussion about AC versus DC effects remains unresolved.

Contextual Notes

Participants acknowledge that the discussion is limited to theoretical considerations and does not account for factors such as oxidation or other environmental influences that could affect wire wear.

defnk
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Hi all,

First post, hope its in the right forum.

My question is, does copper wire wear out from the movement of electrons? Do the electrons cause deterioration?
Assume in a vacuum (no oxidization etc)

Thanks!
 
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Indeed, they do. The effect is called electromigration. You can basically imagine it as electrons pushing metal atoms around when they collide.

Since current flows through DC circuits in the same direction at all times, the collisions can gradually push enough metal atoms out of the way and break the wire.

For normal macroscopic wires, the effect is literally insignificant. For the tiny micron-scale wires in an integrated circuit, though, it's very important.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromigration

- Warren
 
Thanks! Great reply.
Any idea what happens to the lost 'matter'?
 
It isn't "lost," it's just moved around. Think about a river washing sediment downstream.

- Warren
 
Is the effect canceled out on AC because the electrons flow both ways?
 
Electromigration seems to be primarily a problem in microcircuits. I don't believe I've of problem in large power lines or power electronics.

http://www.csl.mete.metu.edu.tr/Electromigration/emig.htm

The same problem should occur in AC as well as DC for the same current density and voltage.
 

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