How Does the Velocity of Distant Stars Relate to the Mass of the Universe?

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Stars and galaxies farther from Earth exhibit higher recessive velocities due to redshift, as described by Hubble's law, which states that greater separation leads to greater velocity. Objects beyond the Hubble sphere can recede faster than the speed of light, but this does not represent inertial velocity or imply that these galaxies gain mass through inertia. The relationship between the maximum velocity of distant galaxies and the universe's mass remains hypothetical, particularly when extrapolating velocities approaching light speed. The concept of recessive velocity is a mathematical outcome of distance rather than a measure of proper velocity. Understanding these principles is essential for clarifying misconceptions about cosmic expansion and mass.
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Stars and galaxies that are further away from us are moving away faster, based on the red shift. What is the relationship between the maximum velocity of the furthest ones, as a fraction of the speed of light, and the mass of the universe? If we extrapolate the velocity up to the speed of light, what does that give, hypothetically, for the mass?
 
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Galaxies that are far enough away are receding from us faster than the speed of light.
 
V=Hd where v is the recessive velocity. Hubble's law states the greater the separation distance the greater the recessive velocity. So objects past a certain point called the Hubble's sphere objects will recede faster than the speed of light up to 3c. However this is not an inertial velocity. Neither is this the galaxies proper velocity. Recessive velocity is a mathematical consequence of the separation distance. Let's use an example you measure galaxy A at 3c from Earth, and you were to teleport to a nearby galaxy to galaxy A its recessive velocity would be roughly the same as we would measure a nearby galaxy to the milky way, which is far less than 3c.

So as recessive velocity is not an inertial velocity, galaxies will not gain mass due to inertia.

a good article covering these misconceptions in a low level math article is
"Inflation and the Cosmological Horizon"
by Brian Powell
http://tangentspace.info/docs/horizon.pdf
 

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