Finding the Radius and Interval of Convergence of a Series

[arl146]

Homework Statement

Find the radius of convergence and interval of convergence of the series:

as n=1 to infinity: (n(x-4)^n) / (n^3 + 1)

Homework Equations

convergence tests

The Attempt at a Solution

i tried the ratio test but i ended up getting x had to be less than 25/4 ...

when i did it, i ended up with [ (n+1)(x-4)(n^3 + 1) ] / [(n+1)^3 + 1]
take out the x-4 from the limit which leaves you with 4/9 * (x-4) and that's how i got it.

am i right or wrong? if so, how? not good at this stuff

 

[vela]

Homework Statement

Find the radius of convergence and interval of convergence of the series:

as n=1 to infinity: (n(x-4)^n) / (n^3 + 1)

Homework Equations

convergence tests

The Attempt at a Solution

i tried the ratio test but i ended up getting x had to be less than 25/4 ...

when i did it, i ended up with [ (n+1)(x-4)(n^3 + 1) ] / [(n+1)^3 + 1]

Perhaps it's just a typo, but you're missing a factor of n in the denominator.

take out the x-4 from the limit which leaves you with 4/9 * (x-4) and that's how i got it.

am i right or wrong? if so, how? not good at this stuff

You have the right idea, but I don't see where the 4/9 came from. Show us how you took the limit as n→∞.

 

[arl146]

Oh yea the bottom should be n[ ((n+1)^3) +1 ] right?

But I ended up getting the limit goes to 0 =/ idk if that's right ...

I simplified so it looked like this after the first step of the ratio test:

On top: (n+1)*(x-4)*(n^3 + 1)
On bottom: (n^3 + 1)*(3n+1)*(n+1)*n

Then 2 sets of terms cancel. I was left with (x-4)*(limit 1/((3n+1)*n)

And as n goes to infinity, 1/((3n+1)*n) goes to 0, right??

 

[vela]

Hmm, not sure how you got the denominator. You started with [(n+1)³+1]n. You should be able to see that the highest power of n you'll get is n⁴. If you were to multiply (n^3+1)(3n+1)(n+1)n out, the highest power would be n⁶, so those two expressions can't be equal.

 

[Mark44]

Putting the pieces together, here is the limit:
|x - 4|\lim_{n \to \infty}\frac{(n + 1)(n^3 + 1)}{n((n + 1)^3 + 1)}

arl146, you keep omitting the absolute values on the variable. You need them.

Also, the value of the limit expression above is NOT 4/9 or 25/4 or 0.

 

[arl146]

Ok I know what the limit is, I just had a typo in my first post. I just don't know how to find the value of the limit! To me it goes to infinity

 

[Mark44]

Ok I know what the limit is, I just had a typo in my first post. I just don't know how to find the value of the limit! To me it goes to infinity

No, it doesn't. You need to review evaluating limits at infinity of rational functions.

 

[vela]

Why do you think it goes to infinity?

 

[arl146]

Cause I just plugged in infinity for the n's lol.

I know I need to brush up on that stuff its been a year since I've taken this class and I'm trying to finish up work I missed. That's what I'm trying to get help on at this point though ...

 

[Mark44]

You can't just "plug in" infinity. Again, you need to review evaluating limits at infinity of rational functions.

 

[arl146]

Can't you help though? :/ all I know else to do for limits is use l'hospital's rule and that seems too complicated to do with this one

 

[Mark44]

Take a look at this page: http://people.richland.edu/james/lecture/m116/polynomials/rational.html, especially the section on horizontal asymptotes.

 

[arl146]

well when i factored everything out and some stuff cancelled, i got |x-4| lim 1 / (5 + 3n^2) and as n gets closer to infinity, the limit gets closer to 0. which would mean that for any x, the limit will always be 0.

but another approach, looking at what you gave me, the denominator is bigger, so it says that if the numerator is smaller than the denominator (degree wise) then y=0 is a horizontal asymptote.

all that i get from the 2 things above is that the limit goes to 0, but you told me in an above post that it doesn't ..

 

[Mark44]

well when i factored everything out and some stuff cancelled, i got |x-4| lim 1 / (5 + 3n^2) and as n gets closer to infinity, the limit gets closer to 0. which would mean that for any x, the limit will always be 0.

No. I don't know what you did to get the result above, but it's incorrect. From post #6, which I checked again, the rational function in the limit is degree 4 in both the numerator and denominator. If you simplify it, you definitely don't get 1/(5 + 3n²), which is degree 0 in the numerator and degree 2 in the denominator.

but another approach, looking at what you gave me, the denominator is bigger, so it says that if the numerator is smaller than the denominator (degree wise) then y=0 is a horizontal asymptote.

all that i get from the 2 things above is that the limit goes to 0, but you told me in an above post that it doesn't ..

 

[arl146]

Ok yea I get that it's both. Degree 4 .. I don't know what I'm supposed to do after that. So I get for the top: n^4 + n^3 + n +1 and for the bottom: n^4 + 3n^3 + 3n^2 + 1

So idk what to do next? Do I take the derivative of each terms to take the l'hospital's approach and then you end up with 1. So then x should be less than 4... Is that right?

 

[Mark44]

Ok yea I get that it's both. Degree 4 .. I don't know what I'm supposed to do after that. So I get for the top: n^4 + n^3 + n +1 and for the bottom: n^4 + 3n^3 + 3n^2 + 1

So idk what to do next? Do I take the derivative of each terms to take the l'hospital's approach and then you end up with 1.

If you go this way, you'll need to use L'Hopital's Rule 4 times. Another approach that is quicker and simpler is to factor x⁴ out of every term in top and bottom. That way you get
|x - 4|\lim_{n \to \infty}\frac{n^4}{n^4}\frac{1 + <other stuff>}{1 + <other stuff>}

By <other stuff> I mean terms that look like 1/n, 1/n², and so on. When you take the limit, n⁴/n⁴ goes to 1, and the other rational expression goes to 1 because all the terms involving 1/n, 1/n², etc. go to 0.

So then x should be less than 4... Is that right?

No.

What you have been doing is using the Ratio test to determine convergence. The final limit is |x - 4|. What does the Ratio test say about this value for convergence and divergence?

 

[vela]

Ok yea I get that it's both. Degree 4 .. I don't know what I'm supposed to do after that. So I get for the top: n^4 + n^3 + n +1 and for the bottom: n^4 + 3n^3 + 3n^2 + 1

That's close. The last term in the denominator should be 2n, so you should have
$$|x-4|\lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{n^4 + n^3 + n +1}{n^4 + 3n^3 + 3n^2 + 2n}$$

So I don't know what to do next? Do I take the derivative of each terms to take the l'hospital's approach and then you end up with 1. So then x should be less than 4... Is that right?

Using L'Hopital's rule will work, but it's more work than is necessary. The idea here is to divide both the top and bottom by n⁴ because that's the highest-degree term in the numerator:
$$|x-4|\lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{\frac{1}{n^4}(n^4 + n^3 + n +1)}{\frac{1}{n^4}(n^4 + 3n^3 + 3n^2 + 2n)}$$ Multiply out the top and bottom and then take the limit.

What does the ratio test say has to be true about
$$|x-4|\lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{\frac{1}{n^4}(n^4 + n^3 + n +1)}{\frac{1}{n^4}(n^4 + 3n^3 + 3n^2 + 2n)}$$ for the series to converge?

 

[arl146]

Um I don't know, that if it's less than 1 it converges and if greater than 1 it diverges

 

[Mark44]

Um I don't know, that if it's less than 1 it converges and if greater than 1 it diverges

Be specific. If what is less than 1. Don't use "it". Write mathematics equations/inequalities.

 

[arl146]

|x-4|<1 converge
|x-4|>1 diverge

 

[Mark44]

|x-4|<1 converge
|x-4|>1 diverge

OK, what interval are we talking about for convergence.

What about if |x - 4| = 1? The Ratio test doesn't cover this situation, so you have to investigate it as a special case.

 

[arl146]

interval? ... i don't know O_O

 

[Mark44]

interval? ... i don't know O_O

Solve |x - 4| < 1.

 

[arl146]

oh, x < 5 ... so just (-infinity, 5) ?

 

[Mark44]

oh, x < 5 ... so just (-infinity, 5) ?

No. You should get a finite length interval. According to you, -300 would satisfy |x - 4| < 1. Does it?

You should review working with absolute values in equations and inequalities.

 

[arl146]

ohhhhhhhh, i don't know why I KEEP just looking over the absolute values. sooo ... (4, 5) ?

 

[Mark44]

What about 3.5? Doesn't it satisfy |x - 4| < 1?

 

[arl146]

ohh right ... so (3, 5) because since it's not a square bracket it doesn't include the 3 right
but anything after 3 and before 4 would really never actually equal 1 which satisfies the less than sign

 

[Mark44]

ohh right ... so (3, 5) because since it's not a square bracket it doesn't include the 3 right
but anything after 3 and before 4 would really never actually equal 1 which satisfies the less than sign

Between 3 and 5, not 4.
OK, this establishes that the radius of convergence is 1. In the interval (3, 5), the series converges absolutely. If you aren't clear on what this means, look up the definition of absolute convergence in your book.

To finish the problem you need to check the two endpoints: x = 3 and x = 5. Substitute these numbers in your formula for the series and see what you get. Obviously (??) you won't be able to use the Ratio Test, but you should be able to use what other facts you know about series to say whether the series converges (either absolutely or conditionally) or diverges, at each of these values. If you aren't clear on conditional convergence, look up that term as well.

 

[arl146]

I know that, I was explaining how I understood why it is (3,5) instead of (4,5).

I think at x=5 it absolutely converges. It seems to get closer and closer to one and theyre all positive values so Looking for absolute convergence with the absolute values doesn't change that.

For x=3 I think it coverages just conditionally. Not absolute because the values don't seem to get closer to a Specific value when you add the absolute value signs... And I don't think it diverges because The values are -,+,-,+ and so on an they seem to end up going towards a specific number

Although, I've never really understood when something converges or diverges