FM Amplitude vs. Frequency Spectrum

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Discussion Overview

The discussion revolves around the characteristics of the frequency spectrum of Frequency Modulation (FM) signals in comparison to Amplitude Modulation (AM) signals. Participants explore the structure of the FM spectrum, including the presence of sidebands and their relationship to the carrier frequency, as well as the visual representation of these spectra.

Discussion Character

  • Exploratory, Technical explanation, Conceptual clarification, Debate/contested

Main Points Raised

  • One participant notes that the AM spectrum has a central frequency equal to the carrier frequency with two sidebands at ± signal frequency, and questions how this translates to FM.
  • Another participant suggests that the FM spectrum will also be centered around the carrier frequency, but will include spikes at the carrier frequency ± the instantaneous frequency of the modulating signal, along with an infinite number of sidebands at multiples of that frequency.
  • A request for a diagram is made to aid in visualizing the FM spectrum.
  • A link is provided to a resource that includes a diagram showing the FM spectrum on a spectrum analyzer, indicating the arrangement of the carrier frequency and sidebands.
  • It is mentioned that there are two extremes of FM, each producing different spectral patterns, and that real signals often exhibit a mix of these patterns. A specific example is given where the carrier frequency is swept over a range, resulting in a spectrum that resembles "angel's wings" for low frequency modulating signals.
  • Another participant points out that the power spectrum for very low deviation FM resembles that of AM, but notes a difference in the phase of the upper and lower sidebands, which differ by 180 degrees.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants express varying perspectives on the characteristics of the FM spectrum, particularly regarding the nature and arrangement of sidebands. There is no consensus on a definitive representation of the FM spectrum, and multiple competing views remain.

Contextual Notes

Some claims about the spectral patterns depend on specific conditions such as modulation frequency and deviation, which are not fully explored in the discussion.

elemis
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I know that an AM Amplitude vs. Frequency Spectrum has a central frequency = carrier frequency and two side bands of carrier frequency ± signal frequency.

Now what would a similar spectrum look like for an FM wave ?

My textbook just says that '... further side frequencies that are multiples of the audio frequency are produced'.
 
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It is going to look like an AM signal in that the FM wave's spectrum will be centered about the carrier frequency.

But what you will end up seeing is spikes on the spectrum that are at the carrier frequency +-the instantaneous frequency of the signal you are modulating as well as a (hypothetically speaking) infinite number of sidebands that are at multiples of that frequency. Of course, the higher order sidebands have very small amplitudes so in reality they fall into the noise level.
 
Do you have a diagram describing the above ? I'm having trouble visualising it...
 
http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/spectrumanalyzer.cfm#fm

Figure 8 shows what you would see on a spectrum analyzer. You have the carrier frequency in the center, the modulated signal would be the first spikes on either side of it and then the other sidebands moving outward in both directions. The sidebands are just your harmonics of the modulated signal.
 
There are two extremes of FM and their spectral patterne look very different. Real signals tend to have the two patterns 'mixed up'.
http://zone.ni.com/devzone/cda/epd/p/id/5995 sweeps the carrier frequency over a wide range of frequencies but relatively slowly. The resulting spectrum, for a low frequency modulating signal, tends to look like "angel's wings". d. The raised bits are because the carrier spends more time per Hz of modulation at the extreme frequencies (gradient of the sine wave is low).

The power spectrum for very low deviation FM looks almost identical to that of AM. The difference is, however, that the Phases of the upper and lower sidebands are different by 180 degrees. There is still an identifiable central carrier, here.
 

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