How Do Scientists Measure Extreme Temperatures in Various Environments?

[helloween0908]

This is actually a question extracted from the physics book by Halliday.
How would you suggest measuring the temperature of (a) the Sun, (b) the Earth's upper atmosphere, (c) an insect, (d) the Moon, (e) the ocean floor and (f) liquid Helium?
Thanks first.

 

[Vanadium 50]

There's a section her devoted to homework problems. You'll also have to tell us how far you got and where you got stuck. We'll help you, but won't do it for you.

To get you thinking in a non-obvious direction, the answer to e) is 4C. Think about how I knew that without measuring anything and it will guide you to the solution.