How Does an Ideal Gas Sphere Expand in a Vacuum?

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SUMMARY

The discussion centers on the analytical solutions for the expansion of an ideal gas sphere in a vacuum. The scenario involves a sphere of radius R, temperature T, and pressure P, which expands freely into an infinite vacuum at time t>0. Key questions include the evolution of velocity, density, and other state variables (pressure and temperature) as the gas expands. The propagation of the expansion is compared to the speed of sound within the gas, highlighting the complexities introduced by statistical mechanics.

PREREQUISITES
  • Understanding of ideal gas laws and properties
  • Familiarity with thermodynamics concepts
  • Knowledge of fluid dynamics principles
  • Basic principles of statistical mechanics
NEXT STEPS
  • Research the ideal gas law and its applications in dynamic systems
  • Study fluid dynamics related to gas expansion in vacuum conditions
  • Explore statistical mechanics and its implications for gas behavior at high velocities
  • Investigate sound propagation in gases and its relation to pressure disturbances
USEFUL FOR

This discussion is beneficial for physicists, engineers, and students studying thermodynamics, fluid dynamics, and statistical mechanics, particularly those interested in gas behavior in vacuum environments.

afallingbomb
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I thought of what seems to be a very classical problem but I can't find a solution for it.

At t=0 you have a sphere of radius, R, made up of an ideal gas at a temperature, T, and pressure, P. The sphere is sitting in an infinite vacuum. At t>0 you allow the sphere to expand freely outward. Are there analytical solutions to the velocity (of the surface or perhaps along any point on the radius), density, and other state variables (P, T, etc) as they evolve through time? Thank you!
 
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Essentially you have an area of low pressure (vacuum, or "gas with zero pressure") containing a smaller region of higher pressure (the sphere). Wouldn't this propagate at the same speed sound propagates within the gas, like other pressure disturbances?

I suppose you would get a better picture of what would really happen by using statistical mechanics, but then you have to decide what the surface of the sphere is, since there is no upper limit on the speed of gas molecules. (They do become exponentially more uncommon at higher speeds, though.)
 

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