I How to calculate the mass within the Hubble Sphere?

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To calculate the mass within the Hubble Sphere using the L-CDM model, one can determine the average density and multiply it by the Hubble volume. The density is approximated as critical density, given by the formula ρ = 3H² / (8πG). The Hubble volume is calculated as 4πc³ / (3H³), leading to the mass of the Hubble volume being expressed as c³ / (2HG). Notably, this mass decreases in proportion to the Hubble parameter, indicating that as the Hubble parameter decreases, the mass of the Hubble volume increases. This relationship highlights the dynamic nature of mass within the expanding universe.
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How to calculate the mass within the Hubble Sphere and its time dependence, assuming the L-CDM model?
 
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Calculate the average density, multiply by the volume. I think most of that can be got out of Jorrie's calcuator.
 
The density of the universe is very close to the critical density, that is, we can consider it to be ##\rho=\frac {3H^2}{8\pi G}##. On the other hand, the Hubble radius is ##c/H## so the Hubble volume is ##\frac{4\pi c^3}{3H^3}##. The mass of the Hubble volume is density times volume ##\frac {3H^2}{8\pi G}\frac{4\pi c^3}{3H^3}=\frac{ c^3 H}{2G}##. From the above it follows that the mass of the Hubble volume decreases in proportion to the Hubble parameter.

Edit:
The mass of the Hubble volume is density times volume ##\frac {3H^2}{8\pi G}\frac{4\pi c^3}{3H^3}=\frac{ c^3 }{2HG}##.
From the above it follows that the mass of the Hubble volume grows in proportion to how the Hubble parameter decreases
 
Last edited:
Jaime Rudas said:
The mass of the Hubble volume is density times volume ##\frac {3H^2}{8\pi G}\frac{4\pi c^3}{3H^3}=\frac{ c^3 }{2HG}##.
From the above it follows that the mass of the Hubble volume grows in proportion to how the Hubble parameter decreases
Thanks for clarifying.
 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombination_(cosmology) Was a matter density right after the decoupling low enough to consider the vacuum as the actual vacuum, and not the medium through which the light propagates with the speed lower than ##({\epsilon_0\mu_0})^{-1/2}##? I'm asking this in context of the calculation of the observable universe radius, where the time integral of the inverse of the scale factor is multiplied by the constant speed of light ##c##.
Why was the Hubble constant assumed to be decreasing and slowing down (decelerating) the expansion rate of the Universe, while at the same time Dark Energy is presumably accelerating the expansion? And to thicken the plot. recent news from NASA indicates that the Hubble constant is now increasing. Can you clarify this enigma? Also., if the Hubble constant eventually decreases, why is there a lower limit to its value?
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