How to Integrate [1/(x^2 + 3)] dx?

  • Thread starter Thread starter askor
  • Start date Start date
  • Tags Tags
    Dx Integrate
Click For Summary
The integral of 1/(x^2 + 3) dx can be solved using the substitution x = √3 tan(θ), leading to a transformation of the integral into a simpler form. After performing the integration, the result is expressed in terms of θ, specifically as (√3/3)θ + C. To revert back to x, θ is replaced with tan^(-1)(x/√3), yielding the final answer: (√3/3) tan^(-1)(x/√3) + C. The correctness of the solution can be verified by differentiating the final expression to check if it returns to the original integrand.
askor
Messages
168
Reaction score
9
What is ##\int \frac{1}{x^2 + 3} \ dx##?

This is my attempt:

triangle.PNG

##x = \sqrt{3} \tan \theta## --> ##dx = \sqrt{3} \sec^2 \theta \ d\theta##

##x^2 + 3 = (\sqrt{3} \tan \theta)^2 + 3##
##= 3 \tan^2 \theta + 3##
##= 3 (\tan^2 \theta + 1)##
##= 3 \sec^2\theta##

##\int \frac{1}{x^2 + 3} \ dx = \int \frac{1}{3 \sec^2\theta} (\sqrt{3} \sec^2 \theta \ d\theta)##
##= \frac{\sqrt{3}}{3} \int d\theta##
##= \frac{\sqrt{3}}{3} \theta + C##

Is there any next steps?

Is this correct?

Thanks
 
Physics news on Phys.org
You can always check an integral for yourself by differentiating your answer to see whether you get the original integrand.
 
I know, but I am still don't understand what should I do with the theta.
 
askor said:
I know, but I am still don't understand what should I do with the theta.
You have ##x = \sqrt 3 \tan \theta##. That means that ##\theta = \tan^{-1}\big (\dfrac x {\sqrt 3} \big )##
 
Thank you very much, now I understand. So the final result is ##\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3} \tan^{-1} \left( \frac{\sqrt{3}x}{3} \right) + C##
 
askor said:
Thank you very much, now I understand. So the final result is ##\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3} \tan^{-1} \left( \frac{x}{\sqrt{3}} \right) + C##
Yes. And you can check by differentiating that.
 
First, I tried to show that ##f_n## converges uniformly on ##[0,2\pi]##, which is true since ##f_n \rightarrow 0## for ##n \rightarrow \infty## and ##\sigma_n=\mathrm{sup}\left| \frac{\sin\left(\frac{n^2}{n+\frac 15}x\right)}{n^{x^2-3x+3}} \right| \leq \frac{1}{|n^{x^2-3x+3}|} \leq \frac{1}{n^{\frac 34}}\rightarrow 0##. I can't use neither Leibnitz's test nor Abel's test. For Dirichlet's test I would need to show, that ##\sin\left(\frac{n^2}{n+\frac 15}x \right)## has partialy bounded sums...