Understanding the Limits of the Universe

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The universe began with the Big Bang and has been expanding ever since, but this expansion does not occur into a pre-existing space; rather, space itself is expanding. There is no defined edge or boundary to the universe, which complicates the idea of limits to its expansion. The concept of a "large space" existing prior to the universe is misleading, as the universe encompasses all of space and time. Current theories do not propose specific limits to the universe's future expansion, as it is still an area of active research. Understanding these concepts requires a shift in thinking about space and the nature of the universe itself.
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I am not a physics student, nor do I work in the field. I do however have a strong interest in understanding physics at a conceptual level (as in laymans explanations). I am struggling to understand/reconcile the idea that the universe began with the "big bang" (I understand this is not actually an accurate term) and has been expanding ever since. Given that as a accepted premise, my thinking goes to the the question of the limits of the universe. Assuming it (the universe) started out very small, a very large "space" must have existed within which the universe began to, and continues to expand. How is that "space" characterized ? Are there (proposed ?) theoretical limits to the future expansion of the universe based on any definition of the size of this original "space" within which it is housed ?
 
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RemoteSensor said:
... Assuming it (the universe) started out very small, a very large "space" must have existed within which the universe began to, and continues to expand. ...

The expansion of the universe is not an expansion into a pre-existing space. It is just everything moving away from everything else, with no apparent edge or boundary to the expansion. It follows that space itself is expanding as well.

Cheers -- sylas
 
RemoteSensor said:
I am not a physics student, nor do I work in the field. I do however have a strong interest in understanding physics at a conceptual level (as in laymans explanations). I am struggling to understand/reconcile the idea that the universe began with the "big bang" (I understand this is not actually an accurate term) and has been expanding ever since. Given that as a accepted premise, my thinking goes to the the question of the limits of the universe. Assuming it (the universe) started out very small, a very large "space" must have existed within which the universe began to, and continues to expand. How is that "space" characterized ? Are there (proposed ?) theoretical limits to the future expansion of the universe based on any definition of the size of this original "space" within which it is housed ?
Read my explanation in this thread
 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombination_(cosmology) Was a matter density right after the decoupling low enough to consider the vacuum as the actual vacuum, and not the medium through which the light propagates with the speed lower than ##({\epsilon_0\mu_0})^{-1/2}##? I'm asking this in context of the calculation of the observable universe radius, where the time integral of the inverse of the scale factor is multiplied by the constant speed of light ##c##.
The formal paper is here. The Rutgers University news has published a story about an image being closely examined at their New Brunswick campus. Here is an excerpt: Computer modeling of the gravitational lens by Keeton and Eid showed that the four visible foreground galaxies causing the gravitational bending couldn’t explain the details of the five-image pattern. Only with the addition of a large, invisible mass, in this case, a dark matter halo, could the model match the observations...
Why was the Hubble constant assumed to be decreasing and slowing down (decelerating) the expansion rate of the Universe, while at the same time Dark Energy is presumably accelerating the expansion? And to thicken the plot. recent news from NASA indicates that the Hubble constant is now increasing. Can you clarify this enigma? Also., if the Hubble constant eventually decreases, why is there a lower limit to its value?
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