Oh My God Particle - Fourmilab

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Very interesting, thanks.
 


The Oh My God Particle is a fascinating and mind-boggling discovery in the field of astrophysics. This ultra-high energy cosmic ray, with an energy level of 3x10^20 electron volts, is the highest energy particle ever observed by humans. It's hard to even comprehend the sheer magnitude of this particle and the immense energy it carries.

The fact that this particle was detected in 1991 and is still the most energetic particle ever observed is a testament to the advancements and capabilities of modern technology. It's amazing to think that this tiny particle, which is smaller than an atom, could carry the same energy as a high-speed tennis ball. It truly puts into perspective the vastness and power of the universe.

The discovery of the Oh My God Particle also raises many questions and opens up new avenues for research in astrophysics. How did this particle acquire such an enormous amount of energy? What are the implications of such high-energy particles in our universe? These are just some of the mysteries that scientists continue to explore and unravel.

Overall, the Oh My God Particle is a remarkable phenomenon that demonstrates the incredible capabilities of the universe and the endless possibilities for discovery in the field of astrophysics. It's a reminder of how much we still have to learn and how much more there is to discover in the vastness of space.
 

Thread 'Describing the Big Bang'

I started reading a National Geographic article related to the Big Bang. It starts these statements: Gazing up at the stars at night, it’s easy to imagine that space goes on forever. But cosmologists know that the universe actually has limits. First, their best models indicate that space and time had a beginning, a subatomic point called a singularity. This point of intense heat and density rapidly ballooned outward. My first reaction was that this is a layman's approximation to...
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Thread 'Dirac's integral for the energy-momentum of the gravitational field'

Thread 'Dirac's integral for the energy-momentum of the gravitational field'

See Dirac's brief treatment of the energy-momentum pseudo-tensor in the attached picture. Dirac is presumably integrating eq. (31.2) over the 4D "hypercylinder" defined by ##T_1 \le x^0 \le T_2## and ##\mathbf{|x|} \le R##, where ##R## is sufficiently large to include all the matter-energy fields in the system. Then \begin{align} 0 &= \int_V \left[ ({t_\mu}^\nu + T_\mu^\nu)\sqrt{-g}\, \right]_{,\nu} d^4 x = \int_{\partial V} ({t_\mu}^\nu + T_\mu^\nu)\sqrt{-g} \, dS_\nu \nonumber\\ &= \left(...
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Thread 'A sufficient condition for integrability of equation ##\nabla g=0##'

In Philippe G. Ciarlet's book 'An introduction to differential geometry', He gives the integrability conditions of the differential equations like this: $$ \partial_{i} F_{lj}=L^p_{ij} F_{lp},\,\,\,F_{ij}(x_0)=F^0_{ij}. $$ The integrability conditions for the existence of a global solution ##F_{lj}## is: $$ R^i_{jkl}\equiv\partial_k L^i_{jl}-\partial_l L^i_{jk}+L^h_{jl} L^i_{hk}-L^h_{jk} L^i_{hl}=0 $$ Then from the equation: $$\nabla_b e_a= \Gamma^c_{ab} e_c$$ Using cartesian basis ## e_I...
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