Orbital Frequencies: Single Atomic & Covalent Electron Determination

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The concept of electrons "orbiting" the nucleus is fundamentally flawed, as electrons do not have defined paths like planets. Instead, they exist in a probabilistic cloud around the nucleus, often described as being "smeared" into a spherical shape. This means that the traditional notion of orbital frequencies does not apply to atomic electrons. The behavior of electrons is better understood through quantum mechanics rather than classical mechanics. Therefore, the determination of electron behavior and energy levels relies on quantum principles rather than orbital frequencies.
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How are the orbital frequencies of single atomic electrons, and covalent electrons determined?
 
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The model of an electron "orbiting" around the nucleus of an atom is fundamentally incorrect. Thus, the electron doesn't really have an "orbital frequency" as a planet orbiting the sun would. Check out this entry by ZapperZ in the Physics FAQ:

https://www.physicsforums.com/showpost.php?p=862093&postcount=2
 
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Electrons don't move around and they just appear to be 'smeared' into the shape of a sphere around the nucleus?
 

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