Probability of spin in the +x direction

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Discussion Overview

The discussion focuses on calculating the probability of measuring the spin of a qubit in the +x direction. It explores different representations of the quantum state, including density matrices and spinors, and how these relate to the probability calculations in quantum mechanics.

Discussion Character

  • Technical explanation
  • Mathematical reasoning

Main Points Raised

  • One participant asks how to calculate the probability of finding spin in the +x direction given a state equation.
  • Another participant provides a formula for the probability using the density operator, stating that the probability for the x-component of the spin is given by the expression $$P(\sigma_x)=\langle \sigma_x|\hat{\rho}|\sigma_x \rangle.$$
  • A participant inquires about the calculation when the spinor representation is known instead of the density operator.
  • In response, another participant explains that if the spin is in a pure state represented by the ket $$|\psi \rangle$$, the statistical operator can be expressed as $$\hat{\rho}=|\psi \rangle \langle \psi|$$, leading to the application of the Born rule, which results in the probability being $$P(\sigma_x)=|\psi(\sigma_x)|^2.$$

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

The discussion presents multiple approaches to calculating the probability of spin measurement, with no consensus on a single method as participants explore different representations and their implications.

Contextual Notes

Participants have not resolved the implications of using different state representations, such as density matrices versus spinors, and the conditions under which each method applies remain unclear.

srallaba
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Consider a qubit.
Given a state equation, how to calculate the probability of finding spin in +x direction?
 
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If your system is prepared in the state ##\hat{\rho}## then the probability for the ##x##-component of the spin being ##\sigma_x## is
$$P(\sigma_x)=\langle \sigma_x|\hat{\rho}|\sigma_x \rangle.$$
 
How to do it if I know spinor instead of ##\hat{\rho}##?
 
If your spin is prepared in a pure state, represented by the ket ##|\psi \rangle##, then the statistical operator is the projection operator ##\hat{\rho}=|\psi \rangle \langle \psi|##, and the general formula gives you the Born rule for pure states, as it should be:

$$P(\sigma_x)=\langle \sigma_x \psi \rangle \langle \psi|\sigma_x \rangle=\psi(\sigma_x) \psi^*(\sigma_x)=|\psi(\sigma_x)|^2.$$
 

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