artis said:
they don't get far from their birth place within their birth fuel rod?
Let's assume that a neutron doesn't go far, perhaps 1 cm, but that is enough for one fuel rod to affect (cause fission) in the adjacent fuel rods, so each fuel rod will cause fissions in neighbors, which cause fissions in their neighbors (in some cases shared neighbors), and so on. It doesn't take long for a fission event to have propagated through successive fuel rods (like dominoes) until the effect is felt several meters away.
artis said:
It seems to me the whole reactor simply works as if it were many smaller reactors put together?
Yes and no. Each fuel rod or group of fuel rods (an assembly) is
coupled to it's neighbors. In other words, each fuel rod or assembly will immediately affect four face-adjacent assemblies (or fuel rods in square lattice), and four corner assemblies (or rods in the lattice), or in the case of hexagonal assemblies, 6 face-adjacent assemblies.
Fuel rods (and assemblies) can self-irradiate, i.e., a fission neutron can cause a fission in the fuel rod (or assembly) in which it is born, or can travel a short distance to a neighbor and cause a fission (or not). For each 2 or 3 (on average about 2.2 to 2.3) neutrons released from a fission event, only one neutron is necessary to cause another fission. The remaining neutrons can be absorbed by other U (or Pu) fuel atoms and not cause fission, absorbed by various fission products, absorbed by the various structural materials in the core, absorbed by neutron poisons (soluble
10B in the coolant) or control rods, or simply leave the core, if they are born close enough to the edge to 'leak out'.
O O O
O
O O If the center rod emits neutrons, it can self-irradiate, or affect each neighbor, which affect others.
O O O
If the lifetime of a neutron from fast to thermal energy is about 1 msec, then in 1 second, it's effect can be experienced 1 m away. A flux gradient implies that more neutrons are diffusion in a given direction than in the opposite direction, and we see flux gradients between assemblies, especially where one assembly is operating at higher power than neighboring assemblies, which is particularly the case with assemblies near the periphery of the core, or in the case of BWRs, where assemblies operate adjacent to a control blade.
If one removes the outer row of assemblies, then the remaining adjacent assemblies become the outer row, and they would leak neutrons out of the core, and very likely, the core would become subcritical sooner, it wasn't already subcritical. In general, smaller cores require greater enrichment to be critical. If a core is not critical, or rather subcritical, the power continues to decrease, until it shuts down.
Consider a 0.82 cm fuel pellet operating in a fuel rod generating a linear power of 10 kWft (~330 W/cm). That means a power density of ~625 W/cm
3. At 200 MeV per fission, that implies 1.95 E13 fissions/cm
3-s, or about 4.3 E13 fast neutrons per cm
3-s, which is a lot of neutrons.
artis said:
If so I would assume this gradual lowering of enrichment should happen over multiple circular layers as one moves toward periphery so that each next layer has an increment lower enrichment therefore less and less neutrons are born within the peripheral assemblies and therefore less of them leak out?
Not exactly. In PWRs, fuel rods tend to have the same enrichment at beginning of life (BOL), or as-fabricated. However, there are designs that might use reduced enrichments, placed in the corner cells of the assembly, or symmetrically within the assembly, and often with a burnup absorber material for reactivity control. If the assembly operates in the interior of the core, where the power is relatively flat, i.e., little or no gradient, then the fuel rods of the same enrichment deplete (lose enrichment) at about the same rate. On the other hand, if an assembly sits near the periphery of the core (outer row, or next to outer row), then the inboard fuel rods will deplete at a greater rate than the outboard fuel rods, and so the assembly experiences a flux/fluence and burnup gradient. Such 'gradient' assemblies would then be moved to the opposite side of the core if they remain in the core in order to reverse the gradient and balance the burnup (cumulative energy generation).
In core with free standing assemblies (like those in LWRs), one usually does not stack assemblies for a number of reasons. CANDUs, RBMKS, Magnox and AGRs are different animals.