# Insights Spacetime Diagrams of Light Clocks [comments]

1. Jun 17, 2016

### robphy

2. Jun 17, 2016

### Ibix

That is neat. I'll have to read in more detail when I'm not on my way home from someone's leaving drinks, but I really like the easy way to generate a hyperbola.

3. Jun 17, 2016

### pervect

Staff Emeritus
A very interesting and thought provoking article. Seeing the diagrams, I am wondering if there is any physical interpretation of the area of the squares, possibly related to the Lorentz interval.

4. Jun 17, 2016

### robphy

Thanks.

In 1+1 Minkowski spacetime, the area of a causal diamond in units of the area of a clock diamond
is equal to the square interval of the timelike diagonal, and negative of the square interval of the spacelike diagonal.
(I don't call them squares or rectangles because the sides are lightlike, and thus are not spacetime-perpendicular to each other. The diagonals are spacetime-perpendicular to each other.)
The signature comes out when using an extension of the Robb formula for the product of radar-time-intervals.

Details are in the paper. (Before I wrote up the Insight, the paper was freely downloadable.. But now it seems it's not free.)

Last edited: Jun 17, 2016
5. Jun 17, 2016

### pervect

Staff Emeritus
I see what I think is the same paper on arxiv, but I'm not sure I should be the one to post a link. I had this urge to work it out for myself in my own terms, it seemed like there should be some really simple explanation for this relationship. For a suitably complicated definition of "simple".

What I finally came up with is that if we define the two null vectors u and v, we can represent what you call "the area of the causal diamond" as the wedge product u ^ v in the rest frame of the light clock. I suppose I need to specify u and v, I'll just say that the line element of the metric is 2 du dv, and that specifying the line element defines the coordinates and the basis vectors $\partial_u$ and $\partial_v$. Modulo some possible multiplicative factors then, the "area of the causal diamond" is u ^ v. Now we do a Lorentz boost, and we get new basis vectors in the boosted frame, u' and v', via u' = ku and v' = (1/k) v, where k is the bondi k-factors for the boost, i.e. the doppler shift. We can look at the "area of the causal diamond" in the boosted frame, and note that it is also given by u' ^ v' = (ku) ^ (1/k) v = u v.

I should probably read the paper over and see if you already said this and I just re-invented the wheel.

6. Jun 17, 2016

### robphy

http://arxiv.org/abs/1111.7254 points to the 2011 draft of "Relativity on Rotated Graph Paper".
The published version in AJP ( http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.4943251 ) is longer and went through numerous refinements.

Your interpretation of the "area of the causal diamond" is correct. It's essentially working in the eigenbasis of the Lorentz boost, with eigenalues equal to the Doppler factor and its reciprocal (since the determinant is one). It's not a new idea... it's in the literature... but not well known.

The new idea is that calculations can be done on rotated graph paper, with emphasis on counting and invariance [rather than formulas] and physical (operational) interpretation. The completed diagram contains all of these features, which lends itself to hopefully easier interpretation.

Last edited: Jun 17, 2016
7. Jun 18, 2016

### vanhees71

The "area rule" becomes, as expected, clear when doing the (linear) algebra. A formula is worth 1000 diagrams ;-)).

Let's start from the unit hyperbola in terms of a Minkowski frame,
$$t^2-x^2=1.$$
In parametric form it's given by
$$\underline{x}(\eta)=\cosh \eta \underline{e}_0 + \sinh \eta \underline {e}_1,$$
where underlined symbols stand for Minkowski vectors (in the plane of 1+1-dimensional spacetime).

Now express the same in terms of "light-cone vectors" as basis vectors.
$$\underline{l}_{\pm}=\frac{1}{2}(\underline{e}_0 \pm \underline{e}_1).$$
Then you get for the hyperbola
$$\underline{x}(\eta)=x^0 \underline{e}_0+ x^{1} \underline{e}_1=x_+ \underline{l}_+ + x_- \underline{l}_-=\cosh \eta (\underline{l}_+ + \underline{l}_-)+\sinh \eta (\underline{l}_+-\underline{l}_-) \\ =\exp \eta \underline{l}_+ + \exp(-\eta) \underline{l}_-,$$
which implies that in these light-cone coordinates $x_{\pm}$ the hyperbola fulfills the implicit equation
$$x_+ x_-=1=\text{const}.$$
Thus the area of the light diamonds of any inertial observer, defining the space-time units via a light clock (in fact that's how length and time are nowadays defined in the SI, i.e., by defining a time standard via a hyperfine transition in Cesium and then defining the speed of light in vacuo at a fixed value; theoretitians rather choose $c=1$ ;-)) is the same for any inertial observer. Knowing that leads to the construction of the Minkowski diagrams in terms of the paper and the Insights article. That's a very nice alternative to drawing the hyperbolae directly, because it's easier to construct without having a curve ruler at hand although nowadays it's no problem to draw hyperbolae with computer graphics programs. I like geogebra very much for that purpose.

8. Jun 18, 2016

### robphy

This is true!... but only when one understands the meaning of the mathematical symbols and of the mathematical operations.
That's why I felt it was worth developing this "multimedia", multiple-representations [algebraic, geometrical, physical] of the same idea.
For a novice, it may be too much to ask for the algebra and analytic geometry in the beginning to learn relativity.
For an expert, algebra and geometry and physics is needed to clearly show what input was needed to obtain the result.
My goal to address both ends of the spectrum is one of the reasons that my revisions took so long.
I had to find a balance I was happy with, given the numerous suggestions for improvement from colleagues and reviewers.

Yes, thanks.
However, the typical introductory student is--unfortunately--unfamiliar with hyperbolas.
But they don't need to be. They need segments with tickmarks that are easy to read and interpret.
In a problem in Euclidean geometry, unless we are doing a construction with a compass, we often don't need the underlying circles (or circular arcs) to work the problem.

But, yes, tools like http://www.geogebra.org/ will make it easier to draw hyperbolas.
I've been working on some geogebra visualizations to draw the diamonds [and hyperbolas] since my LaTeX pstricks-based graphics are tedious to construct and aren't dynamical.

9. Jun 18, 2016

### robphy

Here is version 0.5 of a geogebra visualization:
Light Clock Diamond (robphy) - v0.5
https://www.geogebra.org/m/Jq4jDMRW
https://www.geogebra.org/files/00/03/71/96/material-3719659-thumb.png
[If you click on the objects in the table, you can see a description of the construction.]

I'm working on a much fancier version for my upcoming talk at the MAA MathFest.

Last edited: Jun 18, 2016
10. Jun 18, 2016

### pervect

Staff Emeritus
I'd have to agree that there is plenty of benefit to be gained by the no-math approach in the insight article. It is a bit sad that the published article is paywalled - how extensive were the changes? Is it feasible to update the non-paywalled arxiv version, or would the publisher object? I'm not sure how much time/effort it would be worth, actually - just a thought.

11. Jun 19, 2016

### robphy

Agreed... But the issue of journal publishing is another topic altogether.

The revisions pushed the more advanced topics into the later chapters and the appendix.

For example, the geometrical proof inspired by Mermin's paper (which appeared early on in the paper) was moved into the appendix because some felt it was too much of a hurdle for the reader.

The Bondi k-calculus based introduction and the the standard examples treated were effectively unchanged. I withdrew the proof of the Lorentz transformation formulas from the diagram because of space limitations. So, for beginning students, not much has changed.

The revised introduction made better use of radar methods. This was later related to causal diamonds (which I think are more powerful than clock diamonds [which seem limited to velocities related to Pythagorean triples (I.e. rational k-factors)]). The revised version better clarified some technical issues.

12. Jun 20, 2016

### Swamp Thing

In the Geogebra page, the "causal diamond" has upper edges u1 & v1, and lower edges u0 and v0.

I'd just like to confirm if I have understood the defining property of this diamond:-
Is it the case that the causal diamond represents all events that are both influenceable from O and capable of influencing T?

Last edited: Jun 20, 2016
13. Jun 20, 2016

### robphy

Yes... more technically, it is the intersection of the future of O and the past of T.

14. Jun 20, 2016

### Swamp Thing

Thanks!

I'm wondering if the following heuristic argument makes sense... Imagine that we "sprinkle" space time with a lot of events that are more or less uniformly distributed. Now, for a given event, { being influenceable by O and being able to influence T } has to be an absolute, frame-independent property. So if a certain fraction of the sprinkled events have this property in one frame, then the same fraction has to have this property in any other frame, which leads to the notion that the area containing them can't change from frame to frame.

15. Jun 20, 2016

### robphy

One has to be careful here.
If you "uniformly distribute" a finite number of events in one frame, they won't be uniformly distributed in another frame.

If you are looking for a proof that the area is preserved by a boost, recall that the determinant of the boost is equal to 1.
If you want an explicit calculation, look at the earlier posts by @pervect and @vanhees71 .

16. Jun 20, 2016

### pervect

Staff Emeritus
Here's a rather simpler proof than my last one., though it requires an understanding of the Lorentz transform, unfortunately.

$$x' = \gamma x - \gamma \beta c t \quad t' = \gamma t - \gamma \beta \frac{x}{c} \quad \gamma = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-\beta^2}}$$

What the transform does is take the coordinates for a stationary observer O, which are x and t, and transform them to the coordinates used by an observer O', moving at a velocity $\beta c$ with respect to O.

A diagram would really help here, but - it's too much work.

We re-write the above via algebraic manipulation as:

$$x' - c t' = k \left(x - c t \right) \quad x' + c t' = \frac{1}{k} \left(x + c t \right) \quad k = \sqrt{\frac{1-\beta}{1+\beta}}$$

Optionally one might insist that c=1, or present the above form and then suggest that from this point on, c will be set to 1, as the diagrams will most likely be drawn with c=1 to make the causal diamond appear square. It would be more instructive (but more work) to use Bondi's k calculus (see for instance his book "Relativity and Common Sense" to derive the above result.

Next we clarify the meaning of the left hand sides of the above. We can say that the formula $\left| x - ct \right|$ represents the length of one side of the causal diamond, and $\left| x + ct \right|$, if we assume the "length of a side" is always positive.

Hopefully it becomes clear that the area of the causal diamond (the product of the sides of the diamond) is left invariant under the Lorentz transformation, as re-written above), because the transform multiplies the length of one side by k and the length of the other side by 1/k. This leaves the product of the sides unchanged. As a bonus the equivalence (except for sign) $\left| x^2 - c^2 t^2 \right|$, assumed to be positive, .and the Lorentz interval $x^2 - c^2 t^2$ (potentially of either sign) becomes reasonably clear.

Sorry for the lack of diagrams.

If you prefer a proof with similar triangles, there's one in Rob's paper, but personally I found the algebra easier to follow. But I wouldn't guarantee that's true for everyone.

17. Jul 1, 2016

### robphy

The Insight assumes some familiarity with spacetime diagrams (position-vs-time diagrams, with the convention that time runs upward on the diagram).

The paper it is based on develops the spacetime diagram for the beginner and has some advanced concepts for those already familiar with spacetime diagrams and special relativity.

18. Jul 2, 2016

### vanhees71

It's also known as the use of "light-cone variables". Maybe there's something in a textbook on this too, but I can't remember to have seen it anywhere. I still think the most simple way to understand the working of this kind of diagrams is to use the algebraic approach given in #7.

19. Jul 10, 2016

### David Lewis

So if I'm reading the graph correctly, each tick mark on the horizontal axis (position) represents a distance of about 299 800 000 metres?

20. Jul 10, 2016

### Ibix

3x108m times some constant A. The tick marks on the time axis represent A seconds. So you can use minutes and light minutes, years and light years, micro-fortnights and light micro-fortnights, etcetera etcetera.