The power of a cardinal number to another cardinal number

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Discussion Overview

The discussion revolves around the concept of cardinal numbers and the challenges in determining the power of one cardinal number to another. Participants explore various formulas and conditions under which these exponentiations can be understood, particularly in relation to the Axiom of Choice (AC) and the Generalized Continuum Hypothesis (GCH).

Discussion Character

  • Exploratory, Technical explanation, Debate/contested

Main Points Raised

  • One participant questions whether there is a formula for the power of a cardinal number to another cardinal number.
  • Another participant states that there is no general formula for \(2^{\aleph_0}\) and introduces the Hausdorff formula as a partial answer.
  • The Hausdorff formula is presented, which provides specific conditions under which exponentiation of cardinals can be defined, assuming AC and GCH.
  • It is noted that acceptance of GCH is not universal among mathematicians, with some believing it should not be accepted.
  • A participant mentions that under the Continuum Hypothesis (CH), \(2^{\aleph_0} = \aleph_1\), but emphasizes that without CH, no formula exists for \(2^{\aleph_0}\).
  • Another participant highlights the complexity of the situation regarding exponentiation of cardinals and notes that it remains an active field of study.
  • Recommendations for introductory books on cardinal numbers and set theory are provided, with varying levels of complexity noted.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants express differing views on the existence of formulas for cardinal exponentiation, particularly regarding the role of CH and GCH. There is no consensus on the acceptance of GCH among mathematicians, and the discussion reflects ongoing uncertainty and complexity in the field.

Contextual Notes

The discussion highlights limitations in understanding cardinal exponentiation, particularly the dependence on specific axioms and hypotheses, as well as the unresolved nature of certain mathematical steps.

yaa09d
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Hey there!


Is there any formula to determine the power of a cardinal number to another cardinal number?


Thank you!
 
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In general: certainly not. In fact, we can't even find a good formula for 2^{\aleph_0}!

However, there are some partial answers. One of these is the so-called Hausdorff formula which states:

\aleph_{\beta+1}{\aleph_\alpha}=\aleph_{\beta}^{\aleph_\alpha}\aleph_{\beta+1}.

There are some other answers. I'll provide a reference for them: staff.science.uva.nl/~vervoort/AST/ast.ps on page 46 and page 50. (to read the file, you'll need to be able to read .ps file though).

The most satisfying answer to this question happens when you assume AC (axiom of choice) and GCH (generalized continuum hypothesis). In that case, there IS a nice formula for exponentiation:

\aleph_\alpha^{\aleph_\beta}=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}<br /> \aleph_\alpha &amp; \text{if}~\aleph_\beta&lt;cf(\aleph_\alpha)\\<br /> \aleph_{\alpha+1} &amp; \text{if}~cf(\aleph_\alpha}\leq \aleph_\beta\leq \aleph_\alpha\\<br /> \aleph_{\beta+1} &amp; \text{if}~\aleph_\alpha&lt;\aleph_\beta<br /> \end{array}\right.

However, GCH is not a generally accept axiom under mathematicians. In fact, most mathematicians think GCH should not be accepted...
 
Thank you for the detailed reply.

I thought if we accept CH, then 2^{\aleph_0}= \aleph_1

Can you recommend me a book to study the basics of cardinal numbers, please? I am a first year grad student. I am not familiar enough with cardinals.
 
Yes, of course, under CH it is true that 2^{\aleph_0}=\aleph_1. But in general (thus without CH) there is no formula for 2^{\aleph_0}.

And even if we accepted CH as true, then there would still be no formula for 2^{\aleph_1}... The situation for exponentiation is really complex and it's still a very active field of study!

As for books: there are two books which I highly recommend:
- Introduction to set theory by Hrbaced and Jech: this is a great book which is made specially for the beginner. It contains everything of set theory that an average mathematician should know. The discussion of exponentiation is on page 164.
- Set theory by Jech: this is hands-down the best and most comprehensive book on set theory. Unfortunately it is not suited for somebody who is not yet acquainted with some logic and some set theory. So it could be quite tough...
 
Thank you very much.
 

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