Understanding Electric Discharges in Gas Tubes: Experiments and Atomic Structure

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Electric discharges in gas tubes, exemplified by William Crookes' and J.J. Thomson's experiments, illustrate the behavior of cathode rays and the role of atomic structure. These experiments demonstrate how removing air or gas from the tube allows electrons to travel freely, leading to observable phenomena such as luminescence and the formation of cathode rays. If air or gas were not removed, collisions would occur, preventing the establishment of a clear discharge. Current atomic theory explains these results through the understanding of electrons as fundamental particles that can be emitted and manipulated. The experiments significantly advanced the understanding of atomic structure and the nature of electricity.
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Can some one kindly explain or give a reference link that explains why it happens what it happens in electric discharges through gases like William Crookes expermient of 1870s and JJ Thomsons experiments with cathode rays? Covering also such important aspects such as what would have happened if we did not remove air/gas in the tube? Basically, I want to know how our present knowledge of atomic structure explains the experiments and its results?
 
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