Using analog computer to solve 2nd-order diff eq

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SUMMARY

This discussion focuses on building an analog circuit to solve the second-order differential equation x'' + 2x' + x = f(t), where f(t) is a sine wave with a frequency of 5Hz and amplitude of 0.5V. Participants identified issues with the circuit, including incorrect common-mode voltage and the need for DC biasing of the input source. They emphasized the importance of simulating individual circuit blocks and debugging the architecture using voltage-controlled voltage sources (VCVS) in SPICE. Additionally, they noted that connecting two inverting circuits in a feedback loop can lead to instability and oscillations.

PREREQUISITES
  • Understanding of second-order differential equations
  • Familiarity with operational amplifiers (op-amps) and their configurations
  • Knowledge of circuit simulation tools like SPICE
  • Basic concepts of analog computing and feedback systems
NEXT STEPS
  • Learn about DC biasing techniques for op-amp circuits
  • Study the implementation of voltage-controlled voltage sources (VCVS) in SPICE
  • Explore the characteristics of positive and negative feedback in control systems
  • Review the mathematical solutions for second-order differential equations
USEFUL FOR

Physics students, electrical engineers, and hobbyists interested in analog computing and circuit design, particularly those working with differential equations and op-amp configurations.

  • #31
dilloncyh said:
One of the problem now is that for practical reason, I use C=0.1uF and R=100k for the integrators, so Vout=100*integrate(Vin),
i'd have made R=10meg to keep it real time...

i remember doing time scaling but not quite exactly how.

have you tried on your simulator placing 100::1 attenuators at inputs of both integrators?
see section 9 at pdf page 35 of 51 here:
https://courses.engr.illinois.edu/ece486/labs/lab1/analog_computer_manual.pdf

 
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  • #32
jim hardy said:
i'd have made R=10meg to keep it real time...

i remember doing time scaling but not quite exactly how.

have you tried on your simulator placing 100::1 attenuators at inputs of both integrators?
see section 9 at pdf page 35 of 51 here:
https://courses.engr.illinois.edu/ece486/labs/lab1/analog_computer_manual.pdf

I tried other values of resistance and capacitance for the integrator, but 100k ohm and 0.1uF seems to work best. If I use any other larger resistor (~1M ohm), the output signal is just to small to be seen on the oscilloscope). Since y'=-100*integrate(y''), and y=-100*integrate(y')=10000*integrate(y''), my first thought is that the diff eq becomes y''+100by'+10000cy=-f(t), but it doesn't seem to be true when I check the results.
For the lecture notes u mention, I can't really understand what it means and what it has to do with 'time' scaling, as now it is the output (y-axis of a plot) of each integrator that is changed.

PS: for the circuit diagram, just ignore Ud (Vsignal and Vin are shorted together). It predicts the actual Vout of my circuit in the lab quite well, and based on output of Vout and Vout2 using different values of R2 and R3, I believe that it actually works. Only problem is I don't know what equation is it actually solving and I need to work backward to get the coefficients b and c (which I have no idea how to do).
 

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  • #33
Problem solved already. I guess my project's done. thanks for all the replies and help
 
  • #34
dilloncyh said:
Problem solved already.
Just now tuned in. What'd you do ?
 
  • #35
let 1/CR = k
the equation should be y''+k*b*y'+k^2*c*y=-k^2*f(t)
at least the ltspice and the actual circuit give the solution to this equation
 
  • #36
Great !So it's still solving real time?
 
  • #37
jim hardy said:
Great !So it's still solving real time?
I'm still not sure what 'real time' means, but if u throw any diff eq of the form y''+by'+cy = f(t) to me, I can solve it using my circuit provided that the values of coefficients are not too extreme
 

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