What Does a CCD Pixel Measure?

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A CCD pixel measures the light intensity that is projected onto its surface area. When a plane wave of intensity I0 strikes the pixel at an angle α, the flux entering the pixel is calculated as F = I0 dx dy cos(α). The pixel's sensitivity is more accurately described by the projected intensity I0 cos(α), which represents the intensity per unit area. However, the pixel's effective area is still defined as dx dy, which is crucial for understanding the total light captured. Thus, the relationship between the intensity and the pixel area is essential for accurate measurement.
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I have a got a problem regarding what a CCD pixel actually measures. Suppose I have a pixel of area dx dy. A plane wave of intensity I0 is impinging on the pixel making an angle α with the normal of pixel surface. The flux going into the pixel would be F = I0 dx dy cos(α). My question what is the pixel directly sensitive to, is it F or I0 cos(α)?
 
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The I0 cos(a) is the intensity per unit area whereas your actual area is dx by dy. Right?
 
You can say so, but strictly speaking I0 cos(a) is the projection of intensity vector (or Poynting vector) to the normal of the pixel surface. The actual area is dx dy.
 

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