What is the symbol for union and its significance in this context?

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The symbol for union represents the combination of all subsets G of the set T, specifically the sets of ordered pairs constructed from G. In this context, it signifies the union of all possible mappings or functions from T to itself. Understanding this concept is crucial for grasping the broader implications of set theory and function mapping. The discussion highlights the importance of recognizing how unions operate within mathematical frameworks. Overall, the union symbol serves as a fundamental tool in illustrating relationships between sets and their elements.
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I never understood what it means and I can't find its meaning...
 
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It means union. In this particular case, it is the union, for all subsets G of the set T, of the sets of ordered pairs of the elements constructible from the set G.

In other words, it is the set of all mappings (of functions) of T into itself.
 
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I was reading a Bachelor thesis on Peano Arithmetic (PA). PA has the following axioms (not including the induction schema): $$\begin{align} & (A1) ~~~~ \forall x \neg (x + 1 = 0) \nonumber \\ & (A2) ~~~~ \forall xy (x + 1 =y + 1 \to x = y) \nonumber \\ & (A3) ~~~~ \forall x (x + 0 = x) \nonumber \\ & (A4) ~~~~ \forall xy (x + (y +1) = (x + y ) + 1) \nonumber \\ & (A5) ~~~~ \forall x (x \cdot 0 = 0) \nonumber \\ & (A6) ~~~~ \forall xy (x \cdot (y + 1) = (x \cdot y) + x) \nonumber...
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