Why does light bend while changing media?

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In summary, the bending of light while changing media is due to the constraint of continuous phase of the electromagnetic wave at the interface of two media with different refractive indices. This results in the frequency and spatial frequency being invariant, leading to Snell's law. The difference in how blue and red light bends is due to material dispersion, where the refractive index varies with frequency. This is related to the polarizability of the medium, which determines how easily the electron clouds distort.
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While changing media,why does light bend? And why does blue light bend more than red? It would be helpful if i get an answer related to molecular composition and interaction of photons with molecules.
 
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At the interface of two media of different refractive index, the phase of the EM wave must be continuous for all space and time. This constraint has two important consequences;
- The frequency of the wave must be invariant (i.e. the same in both media).
- The spatial frequency component along the boundary must be invariant. This is how Snells law is derived.

Blue light bends differently to red light due to material dispersion; the variation of refractive index with frequency (color). In the case of normal dispersion, refractive index is higher for blue light than red, and vice versa for the case of anomalous dispersion.

The refractive index of a material is related to the polarizability of the medium (i.e. induced dipole moment per unit volume), in other words, how readily the electron clouds distort for a given applied field.

Claude.
 

1. Why does light bend when it passes from one medium to another?

Light bends when it passes from one medium to another because of a phenomenon called refraction. This occurs because light travels at different speeds in different materials. When light enters a new medium at an angle, one side of the light wave will enter the new material first and slow down, causing the wave to bend or change direction.

2. How does the density of a medium affect the bending of light?

The density of a medium plays a significant role in the bending of light. A higher density means that light will travel slower through that medium, causing a more significant change in direction. In contrast, a lower density will result in less bending of light as it passes through.

3. What is the index of refraction and how does it relate to the bending of light?

The index of refraction is a measure of how much a material slows down the speed of light. It is a ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in that specific material. The higher the index of refraction, the more the light will bend as it passes through the material.

4. Does the wavelength of light affect its bending when changing media?

Yes, the wavelength of light does affect its bending. The shorter the wavelength, the more the light will bend as it passes through a material. This is because shorter wavelengths have a higher frequency and, therefore, interact more with the atoms and molecules of the material, causing a more significant deviation in their path.

5. Why does light bend towards the normal when entering a denser medium?

Light bends towards the normal when entering a denser medium because the higher density of the material causes the light to slow down. As a result, the light waves get closer together, causing them to turn towards the perpendicular line of the boundary between the two media. This is known as a positive angle of refraction.

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