Why is friction proportional to velocity?

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Discussion Overview

The discussion revolves around the relationship between friction and velocity, particularly why friction is often modeled as being proportional to velocity in certain contexts. Participants explore this concept within the framework of phenomenological equations, considering its applicability in various scenarios, including low-speed and high-speed interactions with fluids.

Discussion Character

  • Exploratory
  • Technical explanation
  • Conceptual clarification
  • Debate/contested

Main Points Raised

  • Some participants propose that the linear relationship between friction and velocity serves as a good first-order approximation, making differential equations more tractable.
  • One participant suggests that doubling the velocity results in doubling the amount of surface encountered, thus doubling the friction.
  • Another participant notes that friction is not universally proportional to velocity, highlighting that for dry objects, friction remains fairly constant over a range of velocities, while for solid objects in fluids, it can vary with velocity depending on the flow regime.
  • It is mentioned that friction is roughly proportional to velocity at low speeds through a fluid, but transitions to being proportional to the square of velocity at high speeds, with laminar versus turbulent flow being a key factor in this distinction.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants express differing views on the nature of the friction-velocity relationship, with some agreeing on the appropriateness of the linear model in specific contexts, while others highlight exceptions and the complexity of the relationship at different speeds.

Contextual Notes

Limitations include the dependence on the definitions of friction in different contexts, such as dry versus fluid interactions, and the unresolved nature of how these models apply across varying conditions of speed and flow type.

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We all know in phenomenological equations we like to add a -\gamma v effective force term to Newton's equation to include frictional effects with the environment. Why this specific shape? I understand it's not fundamental, and that it is not always appropriate, but still it seems to be a good approximation in many cases. Why is this? I understand the intuitive idea that a particle moving gets more collisions head-front and as such will experience a backwards force, but why directly proportional to velocity (and not, say, a square root or a quadratic or... etc)?
 
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I think it fits as a good first order approximation and makes the DE more tractable.

Similar to the idea with a pendulum system where we assume the angle of oscillation is fairly small so that sin(theta) = theta and the DE become easier to solve.
 
My guess would be that if velocity doubles the amount of surface encountered by an object doubles and therefore friction doubles.
 
Why is friction proportional to velocity?

In general, it's not. Friction of one dry object against another is fairly constant over a fairly large velocity range. For a solid object moving at a high speed through some fluid, friction is roughly proportional to the square of velocity.

However, friction is roughly proportional to velocity for a solid object moving at a low speed through a fluid. Why proportional to velocity at low speeds, but the square of velocity at high speeds? One key difference is laminar versus turbulent flow.
 

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