Why is the D-D nuclear fusion reaction unlikely despite having a higher Q value?

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Discussion Overview

The discussion centers around the likelihood of the D-D nuclear fusion reaction, specifically the reaction ##^2H+^2H \to ^4He + \gamma##, despite its high Q value of 23.8 MeV. Participants explore the reasons behind the relative improbability of this reaction compared to others, such as the D-T reaction and various reactions in the proton-proton chain, focusing on the roles of interactions and phase space in fusion processes.

Discussion Character

  • Debate/contested
  • Technical explanation
  • Conceptual clarification

Main Points Raised

  • One participant questions why a high Q value does not correlate with a higher probability of the D-D fusion reaction occurring.
  • Another participant suggests that reactions involving 3He + n and 3H + p are more probable due to their reliance solely on the strong interaction and the absence of photon emission, which may increase their phase space.
  • Concerns are raised about the inclusion of certain reactions in the proton-proton chain, questioning their likelihood based on similar reasoning applied to the D-D reaction.
  • One participant points out that the last proposed equation incorrectly creates a neutron without a source.
  • A later reply acknowledges the error and seeks clarification on whether the reactions in question are indeed unlikely or simply less probable compared to others.
  • Another participant notes that the first two equations involve the weak interaction, which contributes to their rarity.
  • There is a correction regarding the misunderstanding of the nuclei involved in the reactions, leading to a participant admitting confusion between 3He and tritium.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants express differing views on the likelihood of various fusion reactions, particularly regarding the role of interactions and the implications of Q values. The discussion remains unresolved with multiple competing perspectives on the factors influencing reaction probabilities.

Contextual Notes

Some assumptions about the interactions involved in the reactions and the definitions of likelihood are not fully explored, leading to potential gaps in understanding the comparative probabilities of the discussed fusion reactions.

Incand
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I'm having trouble understand a passage in our book.
The author claims that the reaction
##^2H+^2H \to ^4He + \gamma##
is unlikely since the ##Q## value is large (##23.8## MeV) which happens to be greater than both the neutron and proton separation energies.

This seem very counter intuitive to me. Shouldn't a large ##Q## value rather make the reaction more probably?

We also have the D-T reaction
##^2H+^3H \to ^4He +n## with ##Q=17.6##
that for some reason is more probable but I really don't see the difference.
 
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3He + n and 3H + p are more likely as they don't involve the emission of a photon and work via the strong interaction only. They should also have a larger phase space.
 
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mfb said:
3He + n and 3H + p are more likely as they don't involve the emission of a photon and work via the strong interaction only.
That makes some sense but then I wonder why
##^2H+ \; ^1H \to \; ^3He + \gamma##
and
##2 \; ^3 He \to \; ^4He +2 \; ^1H+ \gamma##
are part of the p-p chain as opposed to for example
##^2H+ \; ^1H \to \; ^3H+p##
Shouldn't these by the same reasoning be unlikely?
 
Your last equation creates a neutron out of nowhere.
 
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Vanadium 50 said:
Your last equation creates a neutron out of nowhere.
That's embarrassing,I tried to come up with an example.

But for the other two reactions is the reasoning here that they are indeed unlikely but there just isn't anything more probably around either? Not that gives a reaction chain with enough released energy to be a significant part of the powering of a star in any case.
 
Your first two equations involve the weak interaction. This makes them rare.
 
@Vanadium 50: None of the reactions involve the weak interaction.

2H + 1H -> 3He + photon is the only reaction that is possible with those hydrogen nuclei.
3He + 3He -> 4He + 1H + 1H can work without photons.
 
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You're right. I looked at 3He and thought "tritium". Dumb of me.
 

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