Why must the oscillatory period of a stable orbit be constant at all distances

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Discussion Overview

The discussion centers on the conditions for stable circular orbits in the context of central forces, particularly focusing on the constancy of the oscillatory period across varying distances. Participants explore the implications of the parameter ##\beta## and its relationship to the stability and closure of orbits.

Discussion Character

  • Debate/contested
  • Conceptual clarification
  • Mathematical reasoning

Main Points Raised

  • One participant questions the argument that ##\beta## must remain constant across the domain of ##r_0##, suggesting that different values of ##\beta## could correspond to closed orbits at different distances.
  • Another participant posits that a peculiar central force could theoretically allow for multiple regions of stability and instability, although this is not typical.
  • A participant notes that stable circular orbits occur at distances where the derivative of the potential energy, ##V'##, is a local minimum, and highlights that local minima are typically separated unless the potential is constant in the vicinity.
  • It is mentioned that different orbits can have varying energy (E) and angular momentum (L), which may affect the stability conditions.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants express differing views on the necessity of ##\beta## being constant and the implications of potential energy minima on the stability of orbits. The discussion remains unresolved with multiple competing perspectives on the nature of stable orbits.

Contextual Notes

Participants acknowledge the complexity of the relationship between energy, angular momentum, and the stability of orbits, as well as the potential for discontinuities in the domain of ##r_0##. However, these aspects remain under debate without definitive conclusions.

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Consider a stable circular orbit (with a central force) subjected to small perturbations. The orbit equation is given by (3.45).

The text argues that the ##\beta## in (3.46) must be a constant over the domain of ##r_0##: "Otherwise, since ##\beta## can take on only discrete rational values (for closed orbits), the number of oscillatory periods would change discontinuously with ##r_0##, and indeed the orbits could not be closed at the discontinuity." (5th last line in the last paragraph attached below)

I don't understand this argument. I could have ##\beta=4## when ##r=r_0=1##m and ##\beta=5## when ##r=r_0'=2##m. The orbits at these values of ##r## are closed. And I can have the orbit not to be closed at other values of ##r##, which I supposed are the discontinuities referred to by the text. "Indeed the orbits could not be closed at the discontinuity." But so what? We only demand the orbit to be closed at distances ##r## where the orbit is stable and circular.

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You would need a really weird central force to have multiple regions of stability and instability, but it is possible to write down such a force.
 
mfb said:
You would need a really weird central force to have multiple regions of stability and instability, but it is possible to write down such a force.

Stable circular orbits occur at distances ##r## where ##V'## is a local minimum. Local minima are separated from one another (examples attached below), unless ##V'## is a horizontal line in the neighborhood. In fact, the examples given only have one minimum or maximum. So I supposed the domain of ##r_0## must be discontinuous. That's why I can't make sense of the argument used by the book.

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Last edited:
They only have one minimum or maximum for given E and L. Different orbits have different E and L.
 
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