Why must the oscillatory period of a stable orbit be constant at all distances

In summary, the text argues that in a stable circular orbit subjected to small perturbations, the parameter ##\beta## must be constant over the domain of ##r_0## in order for the orbit to be closed. This is because if ##\beta## takes on different values at different distances ##r##, the number of oscillatory periods would change discontinuously, making it impossible for the orbit to be closed. However, the speaker argues that this doesn't make sense, as it is possible to have different values of ##\beta## at different distances where the orbit is still closed. The speaker believes that the domain of ##r_0## must be discontinuous in order for this argument to hold.
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Consider a stable circular orbit (with a central force) subjected to small perturbations. The orbit equation is given by (3.45).

The text argues that the ##\beta## in (3.46) must be a constant over the domain of ##r_0##: "Otherwise, since ##\beta## can take on only discrete rational values (for closed orbits), the number of oscillatory periods would change discontinuously with ##r_0##, and indeed the orbits could not be closed at the discontinuity." (5th last line in the last paragraph attached below)

I don't understand this argument. I could have ##\beta=4## when ##r=r_0=1##m and ##\beta=5## when ##r=r_0'=2##m. The orbits at these values of ##r## are closed. And I can have the orbit not to be closed at other values of ##r##, which I supposed are the discontinuities referred to by the text. "Indeed the orbits could not be closed at the discontinuity." But so what? We only demand the orbit to be closed at distances ##r## where the orbit is stable and circular.

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  • #2
You would need a really weird central force to have multiple regions of stability and instability, but it is possible to write down such a force.
 
  • #3
mfb said:
You would need a really weird central force to have multiple regions of stability and instability, but it is possible to write down such a force.

Stable circular orbits occur at distances ##r## where ##V'## is a local minimum. Local minima are separated from one another (examples attached below), unless ##V'## is a horizontal line in the neighborhood. In fact, the examples given only have one minimum or maximum. So I supposed the domain of ##r_0## must be discontinuous. That's why I can't make sense of the argument used by the book.

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  • #4
They only have one minimum or maximum for given E and L. Different orbits have different E and L.
 
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1. Why is it important for the oscillatory period of a stable orbit to be constant at all distances?

The oscillatory period of a stable orbit must be constant at all distances because it ensures that the object or planet will maintain a stable orbit around the central body. If the period were to vary at different distances, the orbit would become unstable and the object could either crash into the central body or escape its gravitational pull.

2. How does the constant oscillatory period of a stable orbit relate to the strength of the gravitational force?

The constant oscillatory period of a stable orbit is directly related to the strength of the gravitational force. As the distance between two objects increases, the force of gravity decreases, but the period of the orbit remains constant. This is because the decrease in gravitational force is balanced by the increase in the speed of the object, resulting in a constant period.

3. Can the oscillatory period of a stable orbit change over time?

No, the oscillatory period of a stable orbit will not change over time unless there is an external force acting on the orbiting object. In a closed system, the period will remain constant as long as the distance between the two objects remains the same. However, if there is an external force, such as a gravitational pull from a third object, the period may change.

4. What factors affect the oscillatory period of a stable orbit?

The main factor that affects the oscillatory period of a stable orbit is the distance between the two objects. The greater the distance, the longer the period will be. Other factors that can affect the period include the masses of the two objects and any external forces acting on the orbiting object.

5. How does the concept of angular momentum relate to the constant oscillatory period of a stable orbit?

Angular momentum is a measure of an object's tendency to continue rotating or moving in a circular path. In a stable orbit, the angular momentum remains constant, which is why the period of the orbit remains constant as well. This is due to the conservation of angular momentum, which states that the total angular momentum of a system remains constant in the absence of external torques.

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