The error message "Vectors must be the same lengths" in MATLAB indicates that a function requires its input arguments to be vectors of equal length. This is particularly relevant in functions like plot(A, B), where both A and B must contain the same number of elements. In MATLAB, all data is treated as matrices, and when calling functions, it's essential to ensure that the arguments provided meet the length requirements to avoid this error. Users should check their input vectors to confirm they have the same number of values before executing the function.