What is Ionization: Definition and 286 Discussions
Ionization or ionisation is the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons, often in conjunction with other chemical changes. The resulting electrically charged atom or molecule is called an ion. Ionization can result from the loss of an electron after collisions with subatomic particles, collisions with other atoms, molecules and ions, or through the interaction with electromagnetic radiation. Heterolytic bond cleavage and heterolytic substitution reactions can result in the formation of ion pairs. Ionization can occur through radioactive decay by the internal conversion process, in which an excited nucleus transfers its energy to one of the inner-shell electrons causing it to be ejected.
Homework Statement
The following diagram represents the allowed electronic energy levels of a hypothetical atom. What frequency photon would be required to ionize this atom if it were already in the n = 2 state?
[PLAIN]http://img32.imageshack.us/img32/667/picture2vt.png
Homework...
Homework Statement
First of all, this is my first post here, so I apologize if I format things incorrectly.
I'm working on a Matlab script to evaluate the tunnel ionization rates via the PPT model given the correct set of input parameters. The rate equation I am using contains equations...
Homework Statement
What concentration of formic acid would give an aqueous solution in which 2.85 percent of the formic acid molecules are ionized? Assume that Ka for formic acid is 1.80E-4 .
Homework Equations
The Attempt at a Solution
X^2 / .0285 - X = 1.8E-4
X = .00226
M =...
Homework Statement
What are the difference between ionization chamber and GM tube in structure which make them have different functions?
The Attempt at a Solution
Higher voltage is applied to GM tube so that electron avalanche can occur.
Then I wonder that
if higher voltage is...
Hello Everyone,
I have been trying to solve problem on Townsend 1st and 2nd coefficient.
Attached is the question and my solution to it.
Can soneone assist by confirming if the solution is correct.
This is the exercise:
Suppose that an hydrogen atom in its ground state absorbs a photon whose wavelength is 15 nm. Will the atom be ionized? If so, what will be the kinetic energy of the electron when it
gets far away from its atom of origin?
i have no idea how to procede! Someone can help...
Homework Statement
Given the atomic orbitals for a number of elements eg. neon 1s^22s^22p^6 and lithium 1s^2s^1 and phosphorus 1s^22s^2p^63s^23p^3
How would I determine which of these would have the highest first ionization energy and what is meant by first ionization energy...
Hi
Got a question, hoping someone can give a good explanation for.
We all know that large static uniform electric fields have the potential to ionize. (Dielectric breakdown of Air - Static Electricity Shock).
In the Quantum picture, why does this occur. Take for instance the photo...
i am stuck on this question and people are giving me different answers. Ok which period 3 element has the following succesive ionization energies: 1800,3000,3600,5800,13200
The succesive ionization energies in kj/mol of an element x found in period 3 of the periodic table are: 1800,3000,3600,5800,13200. With the aid of a periodic table,what is element x?
Hello, I am new to the forum.. I hope someone can help me with this problem cause this has been killing me for a while now..
photo-generation is excitation of electrons into the conduction band when a photon interacts with an electron.. energy required for photo-generation is equal (or...
If a photon is used to ionize an atom then what happens to the photon? If the wavelength of the photon corresponds to the ionization energy, then the photon is absorbed/annihilated, yes? What if the photon has more energy. Is a lower energy photon emitted during ionization?
Find the effective nuclear charge of the outermost electron in sodium using its ionization energy.
Ionization energy of sodium = 5.14 eV = 8.23e-19 J
Zeff = Z - S
I tried using the equation Zeff = Z - S, but when I followed all the rules, I found
S = (8*0.85)+(2*1.00) = 8.8
Zeff...
Homework Statement
I'm not sure if this is really introductory physics... tell me if you think I'd have more luck in the advanced physics section.
The problem: You have a gas filled counter, in the form of a parallel plate capacitor. It has capacitance 9.1 x 10-9 F. It takes 20 eV of energy...
This question is not a homework question. I am having a little trouble with the ionization
energy graph. I understand that the noble gasses are the most stable
and hence require the most energy to be ionised, but why is it that after you
add even number of electrons the ionization energy...
Homework Statement
I have an exam on Monday and do not know how to do this example problem.
Use the following information to calculate the first ionization energy of Li.
LiF(s) → Li+(g) + F −(g) 1050 kJ/mol LiF
Li(s) + ½ F2(g) → LiF(s) −617 kJ/mol Li
F2(g) → 2 F(g) 160 kJ/mol F2
Li(s) →...
Hydrogen has an ionization energy of 13.6eV.
If 1eV is defined as the velocity of an electron produced by a potential of one volt.
Does this mean that a free electron contained in a hydrogen gas could cause impact ionization if a potential of 13.6 Volts were applied to a metal plate within...
I have been wondering how an atom is ionized and multiply ionized in an electric field?
In a single ionization, does only one electron go through each transition until it is ionized?
What about in a multiple ionization?
Would the first electron travel through all transitions while the...
If I have a group of atoms in a high voltage field, and I want to use photon energy to aid the ionization of the atoms what wavelength(s) would best be used to have the highest ionization efficiency?
The shortest wavelength available?
Or the resonant wavelength for each excitation level?
I don't get how ionization is an endothermic reaction.
In an endothermic Reactions: the reactants have less potential energy than do the products. Energy must be input in order to raise the particles up to the higher energy level.
The ionization energy, is the energy required to completely...
Homework Statement
I have an electric field that is nominally 30 kV/m, and I'm trying to figure out if nitrogen could be getting ionized in a field of that strength.
The 1st ionization energy of nitrogen is 1402.3 kJ mol-1.
What is the relationship between joules/mole and...
Homework Statement
Estimate the energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom and hence deduce an approximate formula for the ionization energy of hydrogen. How accurate is your formula?
Homework Equations
Don't know but it is in the field of quantum mechanics
The Attempt at a Solution...
Homework Statement
In this experiment you will find the ionization constant for ammonia, a weak base.
I have completed the experiment, and have the following:
Initial concentration of NH3: 3.708mol/L
Initial pH of NH3: 10.26
Homework Equations
NH3(aq) + H2O(l) <--> NH4+(aq) +...
So I'm preparing to run an experiment involving Ionization. Unfortunately during my research, I've found out that when air is ionized (much like a lightning strike) it produces ozone. I learned that ozone molecules are unstable and usually dissipate back into O2 molecules in about 20 minutes...
Urgent need Help on Chem... (average velocity, Thermochemistry, ionization energy)
1.) The average velocity of Cl(2) molecules is 2.50 x 10^3 m/sec at a temp of 25 C therefore the average velocity of helium atoms is ??
[ i got the answer 1.05 x 10^4 m/Sec] but I am not sure
2.) A gas is...
Homework Statement
Find the enthalpy of ionization of the weak acid, ΔH3
H3O+ + OH- <-> 2H2O....ΔH1
HA + OH- + H2O <-> A- + 2H2O...ΔH2
HA + H2O <-> H3O+ A-...ΔH3
The Attempt at a Solution
I won't show it here but I've found ΔH1 to be -52.33 kJ/mol and ΔH2 to be -5.21 kJ/mol. I...
Homework Statement
A 0.085 M aqueous solution of a weak base is known to be 1.6 percent ionized. Calculate the pH of the solution.
Homework Equations
%Ionization= ([OH-] derived from base/ initial [base]) x 100%
pOH=-log[OH-}The Attempt at a Solution
%Ionization= ([OH-] derived from base/...
I know how to do it one way, which is write down the chemical formula, balance it, and from the molarity of the products/reactants you calculate your H3O or OH concentrations and go on, but it seems to take forever. This is worse when I need to calculate pH for a whole list of different...
Homework Statement
A hydrogen atom has an electron in the fundamental state.
a. Show that a radiation with λ = 50 nm will ionize the atom.
b. What will be the excess kinetic energy of the electron in joules?
Round up your answer to the nearest hundredth.
Homework Equations
1/lambda=...
Is it possible to accelerate an atom (i.e. hydrogen), and have the force from acceleration overcome the binding force (between proton and electron), and ionize the hydrogen atom?
I solved an assignment problem and I came to the conclusion that the % ionization of a strong acid decreases as the initial concentration of the ionized acid is increased.
I don't fully understand why this is..?
Any clarification would be greatly appreciated!
Thanks in advance!
Homework Statement
Rewrite each of the following lists from largest to smallest value of each property:
First Ionization Energy Be, P, Ne, F
Homework Equations
Our book says the general trend for ionization energy on the periodic table is to increase from left to right and...
Homework Statement
According to the Bohr theory, what is the ionization energy of atomic hydrogen in kJ/mol?
Homework Equations
Bohr equation: E = (-2.18 x 10-18 J)(1/n2)
The Attempt at a Solution
I don't have any general idea on how to do this problem :( please help!
The answer is...
Homework Statement
Using data from text determine the following values:
a. Electron Affinity of Mg+2
b. Ionization energy of Cl(-1)
c. Electron affinity of Cl(+1)
d. Ionization energy of Mg(-1)
Homework Equations
The Attempt at a Solution
I'm assuming that you can't find actual...
Ok so I'm using the equation E= (-Z^2 x Rh)/ n^2
RH is a constant of 2.178x10^-18
I determined that the second ionization energy of He is the ionization energy of He+.
If my math is right, the ionization energy is 8.712x10^-18... this is assuming n=1, as I've determined it from ground...
hey there, I am just school student and is a little bit confused with this quantum physics question. what is the difference between ionization energy and photoelectric emission? is the difference just that ionization energy is an electron removed from an atom in its gaseous state while that of...
I'm trying to get my head around how a gas is thermally ionised.
I understand you can ionize a gas by irradiating it with some short wave radiation to overcome the work function of the atom, right?
But I also know you can thermally ionize a gas, i.e. the collisions between the particles...
Hi. I need to calculate the ionization cross section in the accelerator storage ring. In all science works i read, that this parameter is over 2 Mbarn. I use the GEANT4's formula for cross section and got the cross section is ~milibarn. Please help me to calculate this cross-section. you can...
I get the photo-electric effect but I am just wandering, is that the only principal on which lasers function? I mean do lasers "cut" materials by ionizing the atoms?
I'm doing a Monte carlo simulation of cosmic ray interactions in the atmosphere, and as part of this I need to calculate how far a decaying particle travels before it decays
In vacuum it would be simple: l_D = c \tau \gamma \beta with a probability of traveling the distance l before decay: P_D...
Homework Statement
The first ionization potential of potassium (Z=19) is 4.34eV, and the 4p--->4s transition occurs at approximately 768nm. Use this information to find the values of the quantum defects \delta(0) and \delta(1) for potassium, and hence to estimate the wavelength of the 6p--->4s...
First, I want to understand something. Everything I look at suggests that the ionization energy of an atom or ion is suppose to be the energy needed to remove the 'outermost electron'- which I find troubling conceptually, since they also refer to this as the one with the highest energy. Wouldn't...
When an electric field is high enough, electrons are not so easily confined to molecules or atoms. This has been the basis of field ionization for mass spectrometry. But what if the field is not enough to ionize, but close. Would it be easier to ionize the atom or molecule with less energy? Any...
I'm calculating an ionization cross section in partially ionized plasma, with taking into account of correlation effects. I'm trying to do it with help of variation phase method.
Please, help me to find some link to useful articles.
Homework Statement
What is the ionization energy for He+ Z=2
Homework Equations
E = -13.6 z^2 / n^2
The Attempt at a Solution
I plugged 2 in for Z and 1 in for n, and got 54.4 eV. I checked many charts and it said the ionization energy for Helium was around 24.6 eV.
I'm fairly familiar with the design and operation of an ion engine, although I do have a two questions in regard to its operation.
1) Normally, an ion engine would be used in space (which is naturally a vacuum) and would output its given thrust. Prior to space flight, is there a need to...
acetic acid is a weak acid that ionizes in solution as follows
CH3COOH--->CH3COO- + H+
if the freezing point of a .106 m CH3COOH solution is -.203 celcius, calculate the percent of the acid that has undergone ionization.
here's what i did, i took .203 celcius=i)1.86 celcius/m (.106m)...
Homework Statement
Does an AM radio station broadcasting at 750 KHz emit enough energy to ionize a hydrogen atom?
Homework Equations
Frequency = 7.5E+5 /s
Ionization E of H atom = 2.18E-18 J
Planck constant h = 6.625E-34 J-s
AM Radio speed = c
Energy AM radio wave = h*frequency...