What is Law: Definition and 1000 Discussions

Law is a system of rules created and enforced through social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior, with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate. It has been variously described as a science and the art of justice. State-enforced laws can be made by a group legislature or by a single legislator, resulting in statutes; by the executive through decrees and regulations; or established by judges through precedent, usually in common law jurisdictions. Private individuals may create legally binding contracts, including arbitration agreements that adopt alternative ways of resolving disputes to standard court litigation. The creation of laws themselves may be influenced by a constitution, written or tacit, and the rights encoded therein. The law shapes politics, economics, history and society in various ways and serves as a mediator of relations between people.
Legal systems vary between countries, with their differences analysed in comparative law. In civil law jurisdictions, a legislature or other central body codifies and consolidates the law. In common law systems, judges make binding case law through precedent, although on occasion this may be overturned by a higher court or the legislature. Historically, religious law influenced secular matters, and is still used in some religious communities. Sharia law based on Islamic principles is used as the primary legal system in several countries, including Iran and Saudi Arabia.Law's scope can be divided into two domains. Public law concerns government and society, including constitutional law, administrative law, and criminal law. Private law deals with legal disputes between individuals and/or organisations in areas such as contracts, property, torts/delicts and commercial law. This distinction is stronger in civil law countries, particularly those with a separate system of administrative courts; by contrast, the public-private law divide is less pronounced in common law jurisdictions.Law provides a source of scholarly inquiry into legal history, philosophy, economic analysis and sociology. Law also raises important and complex issues concerning equality, fairness, and justice.

View More On Wikipedia.org
Recent contents Top users
  1. olgerm

    I Hubble's law and conservation of energy

    2 bodies that have distance d between them are distancing from each other because Hubbles law. at time t=0 distance between them was d(0) and speed between them was 0. If no force interacts with them then distance is increasing by rate ##\frac{\partial d}{\partial t}=H_0*d## Is it correct...
  2. angela6884

    What is Hubble's Luminosity Law?

    Problem Statement: Please help me understand the variables for the equation, 5 log(R) = -m + k. Relevant Equations: 5 log(R) = -m + k Here is the link to where I found the equation. I know it's on wikipedia but I checked the Hubble's paper and it seems to be credible. I'm trying to make...
  3. N

    Lenz's Law for a rotating PM motor rotor spinning in a thin CU tube

    The motor is required to operate at its resonance frequency and I am looking to add a thin-walled (0.010") copper tube inside the stator bore to add some damping. The current motor air-gap is 0.015". If I install a copper tube in the stator bore bonded to the stator and leave a 0.005" air-gap...
  4. confusedmia

    How Is Acceleration Calculated in a Space Shuttle Launch?

    Sorry there, relatively new to this topic. Anyways, from my understanding of the formula, the force is equal to mass times acceleration. So, is it safe to assume that the total force is simply all the forces from the engines added up? (1.7MN^3+23MN^2), while the mass is (2.0^106 kg)^ 9.8m/s^2...
  5. K

    Calculating Net Force and Friction: Understanding Newton's Laws of Motion

    I am very new to physics so I am still learning a lot. Here is my attempt: Find the net force acting on the block : Fnet= Fg+FN so I have to find FN before I can complete the answer. FN = Fg (mg) FN = (0.72kg)(9.8m/s^2) = 7.056 or 7.06 N Fnet = 9.8+7.06 = 16.86 N or 16.9 N To find the...
  6. patric44

    Kirchhoff's law problem with two batteries

    the question is find the value of E1 that would make the ammeter reading = 0 ? i tried KCL , and KVL and got the following equations : ( I1 belongs to 3 ohm , I2 belongs to 2 ohm , I3 belongs to 4 ohm ): I3 = I1+I2 E1 = 3I1 + 4I3 12 = 2I2 + 4I3 but now i have 3 equations in 4 variables ?! i...
  7. Benjamin_harsh

    How is the Sine law written for this problem?

    Find the resultant vector of vectors A and B shown in the figure. Solution: By geometry method: Cosine law for the right side triangle. ##R^{2} = 17^{2} + 44^{2} - 2 (17)(14).cos 70^{0}## ##R = 41.39 m/sec## By Sin law, ##\large\frac {R}{Sin 70^0} = \frac {17}{Sin\alpha}## ##sin...
  8. Z

    I Hubble's Law: Distance, Speed, & Upper Limit

    I have read that Hubbles law states that a galaxys speed as it moves away from us is proportional to it's distance. Does this have an upper limit? If a galaxy 1 megaparsec is moving at 70 km/s, a galaxy 10,000,000 mgp away is moving faster then light. Or am I (most likely) mistaken?
  9. Ronemberg Junior

    The second law of the thermodynamics and philosophy

    The second law of thermodynamics tells us that the amount of useful energy in an isolated system tends to decrease. Does this imply that mankind will reach a point where it cannot longer use any kind of energy? If so, do we have an estimate of how long it will be necessary for to haven't useful...
  10. greenrichy

    Solving Newton's Second Law: Tension, Work and Kinetic Energy

    $$\sum F_x = T - w_x - f_k = ma_x $$ $$ T = mg\sin(\theta) + mg\cos(\theta)\mu_k + ma_x$$ $$ T = (9.8 \frac{m}{s^2}) \cdot (\sin(41^{\circ}) + \cos(41^{\circ})) + (75kg)\cdot(0.25\frac{m}{s^2}) $$ $$T = 672.91 N $$ Having found the tension force, I can find the work done by the person who's...
  11. D

    The Confusion of Weight and Mass in Physics Education

    In material introducing Newton's First Law to students, we sometimes see a supplementary statement to this effect: in addition to changing the velocity of an object, forces can distort its shape. But surely here two different situations are being conflated: (1) the effect of a single force on...
  12. E

    B Black holes and the first law of thermodynamics

    The first law of thermodynamics states that matter can only be transferred from one state to another, and cannot be truly destroyed. What happens to matter consumed by a black hole? What happens to it and where does it go? Does the first law still hold true?
  13. W

    Gas Law - increasing temperature with constant volume held

    I've set up a simple experiment to look at the ideal gas laws. My experiment is relatively simple in that I have a metal tube which is capped on one side. I am then pressurising the tube with air to 100 psi and locking it off. My thought is that as the pressure increased, with volume held...
  14. Benjamin_harsh

    What do questions based on the polygon law look like?

    I am searching all over google, I didn't find any problems on polygon law.
  15. Benjamin_harsh

    How can I know which law of force should be use to calculate....

    for this diagram, I want to use Triangle law of forces, but I am not sure about final answer. So how can I know which law of force should be use to calculate magnitude and direction for any diagram?
  16. F

    Derivation of the Optical Law of Reflection

    Problem Statement: Derive the optical law of reflection. Hint: Let light go from the point A (x1, y1) to B (x2, y,2) via an arbitrary point P = (x, 0) on a mirror along the x axis. Set dt/dx = (n/c) dD/dx = 0, where D = distance APB, and show that then theta = phi. Relevant Equations: t = nD/c...
  17. K

    I Questions about the inverse square law

    In "An Introduction to Modern Cosmology" by Andrew Liddle, page 130, paragraph A2.3 Luminosity distance, explains why the inverse square law does not hold at very far distances. One reason given is the expanding universe. (Another was the geometry of the Universe.) Could there be also...
  18. J

    Trivial question regarding Newton's Third Law and Elasticity

    1. Drawing Free Body Diagrams for all components we get : 2. Following this we can find total elongation using ##\Delta L = \frac {1}{AY}(F_1*L_1 + F_2 *L_2+ F_3 *L_3) ## My questions : a) I am assuming that the internal forces (3t) are neglected in the FBD because of Newton's third law whereby...
  19. Catstranaughts

    Find Vol 2 in Ideal Gas Law Problem with V1 and V2 Open and V3 Shut

    Please refer to diagram. V1 is open initially then V2 is open for 5 minutes for pressure to equalize. V1 and V2 are then shut. V3 is opened. What is Vol 2 ? P(final)*V(final) = n(final)* R*T => (Vol1 + Vol2) = n(final)*R*25C/ 0.070 Torr where n(final) = n(Vol1) + n(Vol2) If I shut V3, I...
  20. J

    Manipulating equation for Young's Modulus and Hooke's Law

    Equating the two equations gives me ##k = -\frac {YA}{L}## but the correct answer of the same magnitude but opposite sign. I think the nub of my misunderstanding is quite elementary (who would have guessed!) : When is it ##F=kx## and when is it ##F=-kx##? If I understand correctly, F is the...
  21. J

    B Understanding the Stefan-Boltzmann Law (when the surroundings are hotter)

    1.If so what would the law mean if ##T_{surroundings}>T##? 2. Stefan-Boltzmann Law is formulated as ##H = A\sigma T^4## where ##H## is the energy emitted per unit time, ##A## is the area of the object, ##T## is the absolute temperature of the object and (3.) I am unclear about whether...
  22. H

    Relating the universal law of gravitation and Newton's second law

    First, I started with F_a = m_aa_a=G \frac{m_am_b}{r^2} and F_b = m_ba_b=G \frac{m_am_b}{r^2} . Solving for their respective accelerations, I got a_a=G \frac{m_b}{r^2} = 100G and a_b=G \frac{m_a}{r^2} = 100G, meaning that the initial acceleration of the two point particles are each 100G ...
  23. G

    I Understanding LaPlace's Law: Tension in Pressure Vessels Explained

    I'm reading a biology paper which uses LaPlace's law in the analysis. Basically the tension within a spherical pressure vessel is half the product of the radius and pressure. I'm trying to understand how this equation is derived but don't have a strong background in fluids or physics so I'm not...
  24. Aleoa

    Deriving the lever law using infinitesimals

    I'm trying to derive the lever law by myself, however, I'm stuck. Please follow the logic of my calculations. Every object in the picture has the same mass. I want to prove that, under the effect of the gravitational force, I can replace the objects in A and C with the two objects in B, and...
  25. M

    I Determining continuity using Gauss' law

    I know how Gauss law helps us to calculate the discontinuity at a point on the surface of a surface charge. Similarly using Gauss law, is there a way to determine the continuity at other points of electric field due to a surface charge or the continuity at all points of electric field due to a...
  26. J

    Gauss's law -- Integral form problem

    Problem Statement: The effective charge density of the electron cloud in a hydrogen atom in its quantum mechanical ground state turns out to be given by pnot(e^-(r/rnot)), where pnot is a negative constant (the clouds charge density at r=0) and rnot is a constant (rnot=0.025nm). Use gauss's law...
  27. J

    Definition of Heat and the First Law of Thermodynamics (discrepancy?)

    Zemansky defines Heat as : When a closed system whose surroundings are at a different temperature and on which diathermic work may be done undergoes a process, then the energy transferred by non mechanical means, equal to the difference between the change in internal energy and the diathermic...
  28. christang_1023

    Understand Faraday's Law and Lenz' Law

    Above is an example figure. 2. When a ring in a changing magnetic field is not complete (i.e. open circuit with a small gap), how to analyze the emf of the ring? According to the general form of Faraday's law, ## \oint \vec{E} \cdot d \vec{s} = -\frac{d \Phi}{dt} ##, I deduce that although it...
  29. ry12

    Understanding Power Equations: How Do You Solve for V2 and R in Ohm's Law?

    Hello everyone new here :) I've recently enrolled myself in a computer technician course and I've encountered a few (basic) electrical sums. I have absolutely no electrical background, and the course mentioned no requirement of such, but I'm already being presented with work I have no idea of...
  30. R

    Thermodynamics and ideal gas law concepts

    I'm having trouble wrapping my head around some thermodynamics and ideal gas law concepts. I don't have a specific textbook question but Just a concept I'm having trouble with. What I'm struggling with is understanding some of the relations between pressure, volume and temperature...
  31. QuasarBoy543298

    The second law of thermodynamics -- What does "from cold to hot" mean?

    in Clausius formulation, what does the phrase "from cold to hot" means? I can understand it intuitively but in the language of the zero and first laws, we have not defined a temperature scale, only equivalence classes of systems that will be in equilibrium with each other (systems with the same...
  32. Jehannum

    Is Newton's First Law a conservation law?

    I'm thinking through a few basic things - hopefully in a new way. One thing that struck me is that momentum (mv) and energy (e.g. 0.5mv^2) can be conserved but velocity is not. For one thing, velocity is relative, of course. I'm wondering whether there's a quantity a bit like velocity but not...
  33. L

    Exploring EMF and Faraday's Law in LR Circuits

    1) Take a non-steady circuit such as an LR circuit. Why does Kirchoff's voltage law work when analyzing such a circuit? Is it because we're assuming that dI/dt and thus dB/dt are approximately zero thus meaning that curl E is approximately zero? 2) ε, the electromotive force, is the line...
  34. A

    Does gravity defy the law of conservation of energy?

    If we have an object in space (deep space where it is under no other gravitational influence) and we push it a little so that it gains some velocity and after some time comes into the influence of a planet's gravitational field and crashes on it. Where is that energy from the crash coming from...
  35. thebosonbreaker

    Confusion in explaining Kepler's second law in terms of energy

    Hello. As I understand it, Kepler's 2nd law of planetary motion can be explained through conservation of energy or conservation of angular momentum. I am having trouble with the conservation of energy explanation. We know that the sum of potential and kinetic energy of a planet in orbit around...
  36. K

    Hooke's Law vs. Conservation of Energy

    Here are the two questions I want to compare: 1. A student of mass 62 kg stands on an upholstered chair containing springs, each of force constant 2.4 × 103 N/m. If the student is supported equally by six springs, what is the compression of each spring? 2. A 0.20-kg ball attached to a vertical...
  37. C

    Energy and first law thermodynamics help

    Hey guys, Have a thermodynamics exam coming in the next few days up based on the following topics. Energy and first law, Thermodynamic properties, First law: closed systems, First law: open systems/specific heat. When I have taken a look at the past exams it has been all calculations and...
  38. fight_club_alum

    Kirchoff's law and circuit analysis

    I assumed the current flows from the 20V so, 20V - 100 (i1) - Ri2 = 0 First loop 20V = 100i1 + Ri2 Second loop +Ri2 + 40V - 200(0.08) = 0 Ri2 = -24 Back to equation 1 20 v = 100i1 + (-24) therefore, i 1 = 0.44 For loop two: i1 - i2 = i3 0.44 - i2 = 0.08 therefore i2 = 0.36 ohms...
  39. The Bill

    B History of the term "square-cube law?"

    I'm familiar with the history of the concept of the square-cube law going back to Galileo, Watt, etc. However, I don't know the origin and history of the language we use to talk about it today. When was the specific term "square-cube law" coined? When did that name become commonly...
  40. thebosonbreaker

    B Understanding & Applying Lenz's Law: A Step-by-Step Guide

    I have been studying electromagnetic induction and have looked at the laws of Faraday and Lenz. Faraday's law makes perfect sense to me, but I can't seem to grasp Lenz's law. I have read about it and watched many yt videos, and the idea seems simple. But actually using it to predict e.g. the...
  41. QuasarBoy543298

    The zeroth law of thermodynamics

    let's assume I have 2 systems A and B. the surface that describes when the 2 systems are in equilibrium is given by F(a1,a1,...,b1,b2,...) = 0. assuming we can write this surface as A(a1,a2,..)=B(b1,b2,...) why do A and B describes the temperature function of the systems? in class, we...
  42. V

    Coulomb's Law: The distance between two charged spheres

    The force of the sphere increases because according to Coulomb's force increases as the distance decreases. I'm not sure if this is correct.
  43. JKhim

    Kirchoff's Voltage Law transposing problem

  44. B

    Biot Savart Law with Different Magnetic Permeabilities

    I would like to make a program that produces a 2D heat map showing the magnitude of the magnetic field produced by a finite length solenoid. The heat map would show the field strength along the radial and axial directions of the solenoid. I plan to divide the conductor into "infinitessimally"...
  45. D

    Programs From law to physics? Questions for physics students....

    Hi I am a yr 1 undergraduate law student (LLB) considering transferring to physics. Physics was my favorite subject in high school. My worries: not sure if I can master uni math. High school math is okay but I was not the smartest student in math. I am not reading physics in my free time. I...
  46. ubergewehr273

    B Doubt on an EM problem regarding gauss law

    There's this problem 2.18 in the book "Introduction to electrodynamics" by Griffith. The problem says the following, "Two spheres, each of radius R and carrying uniform charge densities ##+\rho## and ##-\rho##, respectively, are placed so that they partially overlap (Image_01). Call the vector...
  47. Callista

    Conceptual check: Newton's third law

    Homework Statement A spherical rubber balloon inflated with air is held stationary, with its opening, on the west side, pinched shut. (a) Describe the forces exerted by the air inside and outside the balloon on sections of the rubber. Homework Equations ? The Attempt at a Solution The air...
  48. Callista

    Why doesn't Newtons third law also apply to the frame?

    Homework Statement A locomotive has broken through the wall of a train station. During the collision, what can be said about the force exerted by the locomotive on the wall? a)The force exerted by the locomotive on the wall was less than the force exerted by the wall on the locomotive. b) The...
  49. T

    I Relativistic form of the displacement current using the Biot-Savart Law

    The Biot-Savart law which describes a magnetic field created by a displacement current: $$\frac{dB}{dV}=\frac{\mu_0\epsilon_0}{4\pi}\frac{\frac{∂E}{∂t}×r}{r^2}$$ What's the relativistically co-variant form of this equation? Is the introduction of speed of light propagation delays enough, or...
  50. T

    A Stefan-Boltzmann Equation question (qualitative)

    Hi, In the Stefan-Boltzmann equation for radiation heat transfer, there exists expected parameters of any model (area, constants, etc.). However, the temperature is raised to the fourth power. Can someone explain why? I get that it could just be because it has been "experimentally observed."...
Back
Top