What is Reverse: Definition and 309 Discussions

A reverse transcriptase (RT) is an enzyme used to generate complementary DNA (cDNA) from an RNA template, a process termed reverse transcription. Reverse transcriptases are used by certain viruses such as HIV and hepatitis B to replicate their genomes, by retrotransposon mobile genetic elements to proliferate within the host genome, and by eukaryotic cells to extend the telomeres at the ends of their linear chromosomes. Contrary to a widely held belief, the process does not violate the flows of genetic information as described by the classical central dogma, as transfers of information from RNA to DNA are explicitly held possible.Retroviral RT has three sequential biochemical activities: RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity, ribonuclease H (RNase H), and DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity. Collectively, these activities enable the enzyme to convert single-stranded RNA into double-stranded cDNA. In retroviruses and retrotransposons, this cDNA can then integrate into the host genome, from which new RNA copies can be made via host-cell transcription. The same sequence of reactions is widely used in the laboratory to convert RNA to DNA for use in molecular cloning, RNA sequencing, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or genome analysis.

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  1. H

    Is nuclear fusion reverse entropy?

    Certainly fission is a prime example of entropy. But what about fusion? Doesn't fusion look like a process that goes from a disordered state to an ordered one? Out of chaos comes order!
  2. James889

    What are the issues with this code for reversing a string in memory?

    Hi, I'm trying to write a simple program for reversing a string stored in memory. This is what I've come up with. For some reason this code coredumps, so something is wrong. any ideas ? #include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> #include <stdlib.h> char *reverse(char *buf,unsigned...
  3. O

    How many digits can you accurately reverse?

    How far can you go? I only got up to 7 digits http://cognitivefun.net/test/10
  4. S

    Question about reverse tracing the Einstein field equations

    From what I know, to get the reverse trace form of the Einstein field equations, you must multiply both sides by gab (I didn't have a lot of time to make this thread so I did not spend time finding the Greek letters in the latex). This turns: Rab- \frac{1}{2}gabR= kTab (where k=...
  5. meenu

    Reverse saturation current in zener diode

    What is the order of the reverse saturation current before breakdown in a zener diode ?
  6. C

    Reverse polarities of rare earth magnets

    First time writing , hope all goes well. Looking to understand the properties of rare Earth magnets, are you able to reverse the polarity of two magnets that are stuck together and separate them with an electromagnetic pulse or any other instrument ? Please if this is the wrong forum ...
  7. W

    How can y be solved for given x and all A coefficients in the transfer function?

    If I have the following transfer function: x = A1 + A2*y + A3*sin(A4*y + A5) + A6*sin(A7*y + A8) +A9*sin(A10*y + A11) +A12*sin(A13*y + A14) I know x and all the A coefficients, how would one solve for y?
  8. S

    Holographic principle in reverse

    I'm getting a rough idea of the holographic principle relating the shannon entropy of a boundary surface to the thermodynamic entropy contained within the bounded volume. So far as I understand the primary claim is that the total information needed to describe the entirety of the internal...
  9. T

    What are the Numbers A and B Given HCF and LCM?

    Hi all I was hoping someone could help answer the following question:- I think of two numbers A & B The HCF of A & B is 8 The LCM of A& B is 192 What are the numbers A&B? I do the following:- A*B = HCF & LCM A*B = 8 * 192 A*B = 1536. Prime factor (PF) both numbers to...
  10. A

    Reading glasses to reverse nearsightedness?

    This has to do with optics and a bit about biology. plus lenses (reading glasses) help the help the eyes focus on things that are close while while minus lens do the opposite. What is your opinion about using reading glasses (wearing them while reading and doing other near work) to reverse or...
  11. S

    Why does diode breakdown into conduction when reverse biased?

    why does diode breakdown into conduction when reverse biased?
  12. B

    Solving Reverse Integrals: Find f(x) to Solve 1-0.1^n

    I need to find a function f(x) such that \int_{-\infty}^{100+10n} (f(x)) dx = 1-0.1^n for n=1,2,3,4,5,6...∞. How would I go about this? It must be exponential in some way I'm guessing? This is not a homework problem. I don't just want the answer. I want guidance on this type of problem...
  13. B

    MHB How to calculate center coordinates of two reverse arcs in 3D space

    Hi, Given 3D points P1(200,60,140), P2(300,120,110), P3(3,0,-1), P4(-100,0,-1) and the radius of arc C1MP3 is equal to radius of arc C2MP1. How do I calculate coordinates x, y, z of points C1 and C2? Points C1 and C2 are centers of two reverse arcs which are tangent to each other at point...
  14. B

    How to calculate center coordinates of two reverse arcs in 3D space

    Hi, Given 3D points P1(200,60,140), P2(300,120,110), P3(3,0,-1), P4(-100,0,-1) and the radius of arc C1MP3 is equal to radius of arc C2MP1. How do I calculate coordinates x, y, z of points C1 and C2? See this image. Points C1 and C2 are centers of two reverse arcs which are tangent to...
  15. voltech444

    Could a Reverse Uni-Flow Engine Revolutionize the Automotive Industry?

    Hello This is a concept I have been researching for a while. A company called LIM Technology has made a few working prototypes of this very concept they call a simple cycle engine; they have a patent for the intake valve technology. Here is their website...
  16. D

    Cool Beer in 45 Seconds - Reverse Microwave

    "Reverse Microwave" There's some buzz going around about this product, http://www.businessinsider.com/this-reverse-microwave-chills-beer-in-45-seconds-2013-10 which claims to be able to cool drinks rapidly. Honestly, I'm a bit unimpressed. It looks like it's just a refrigerator that...
  17. A

    Exploring the Reel's Reverse Motion: What Causes It?

    A string is wrapped around a reel. The reel is the set on a horizontal flat surface. This string is set perpendicularly to a surface and pulled. The reel starts to roll in the direction away from the string. However, as the angle between the reel string and the surface decreases, the velocity of...
  18. cyberdiver

    How exactly does FTL travel cause reverse time travel?

    So I look at the Minowski diagrams, and I can understand that moving on the y means moving in time, and moving on the x means moving in space, but drawing some diagrams of my own, I find it impossible to see why it would imply FTL travel. All objects travel either directly on the x...
  19. I

    Integral on domain equals minus integral on the reverse domain?

    Homework Statement Why integral from a to b of f(x) equals "minus (-)" integral from b to a of f(x)? when a<b or a>b Homework Equations The Attempt at a Solution
  20. N

    Our sun to soon reverse its magnetic field

    A four minute video from NASA http://www.space.com/22264-sun-s-magnetic-field-will-soon-flip-stormy-space-weather-ahead-video.html Let's hope the climate scientists start talking with the solar scientists.
  21. S

    Titration Question & reverse titration?

    Homework Statement . A 50 mL acetate solution is titrated with a 0.2342 M HCl solution. The equivalence point occurs at 28.52 mL. Acetate is the conjugate base of acetic acid, for which Ka = 1.8 × 10-5 . b) Write down the titration reaction. c) Find the pH of the acetate solution at the...
  22. K

    The idea behind a reverse shock

    So in a supernova explosion for example (5th slide) http://www.astro.princeton.edu/~burrows/classes/541/blastwavesChisari.pdf Ambient medium is accelerated, compressed and heated. It pushes back into the ejecta, creating a reverse shock. Why does it do this and not just emit a drag...
  23. C

    Misc. DIY Reverse Heat Pump: Cool a Room with Refrigerant

    I don't know much about the subject, besides some diagrams and youtube vids, so please bear with me. I'm trying to make a reverse heat pump to cool a small room. If I had a heat reservoir (in a box within the same room) that could increase the temperature/pressure of a refrigerant and then...
  24. N

    Reverse Composition to find composition of a derivative

    Homework Statement I\!f~ f(x+1)=\sqrt{x^2-2x}~~~and~~~g(x)=f(\!\sqrt{x}) Find: g'(x-1) Homework Equations In order to find g'(x-1) I know the following steps have to be taken: f(x+1) \rightarrow f(x) \rightarrow f(\sqrt{x}) = g(x) \rightarrow g'(x) \rightarrow g'(x-1) The Attempt at a...
  25. C

    How can I create a circuit to control LED lighting with a switch in reverse?

    My problem: There is an LED and a switch. When the switch is closed, I want the LED OFF. When the switch is open, I want the LED ON. What is the simplest circuit I can build to make this happen? The power source can be either AC or DC, whatever is easiest. Thanks!
  26. F

    Reverse polarity protection circuit. Help with component values?

    EE is not my forte. Although this little circuit is so simple that I could get myself 90 percent there, it performs such an important function that I would like to get it more like 99 percent correct. I want to add the circuit to this board...
  27. C

    The reverse operation for the dot product?

    Okay. First off. This isn't homework. I have been working on a personal project and if I could get an equation for this it would really help me out. I'll try and explain the problem the best I can. What I need: An equation/method where I can specify an angle theta and a 3D line and it...
  28. krash661

    Matter Vs. Antimatter-They have reversed charge, but sadly not reverse gravity.

    "Antimatter gravity could explain Universe's expansion:" http://phys.org/news/2011-04-antimatter-gr...-expansion.html "Anti-matter atoms to address anti-gravity question:" http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-16756457 Image Source (before editing)...
  29. D

    Reverse osmosis energy recovery system

    I want to know the possibility for reducing pressure of reject Brine fluid below the inlet pressure of raw feeding water to RO by a pressure exchanger / Energy recovery turbine in Reverse osmosis system. If its possible, how it works? Please help me in this regards. Thank you
  30. Hercuflea

    Can I reverse the PdV integral for work?

    Homework Statement I have a problem where I know P1, P2, V1, and molecular mass. I do not know total mass, final volume, temperature 1 or temperature 2, or the work. I also know that P = 40V^2 + 20 Can I reverse the W = ∫PdV equation into the form W = ∫V dP? Because I could just solve...
  31. T

    Exploring Time Dilation: From Twin Paradox to Maximum Speed of Future Spaceships

    Has any experiments been done equal to this scenerio where the twin leaving Earth and seeing Earth time dilated.. but when the twin reverses and returns to earth, the Earth speeds up or go in fast motion? If time dilation is slowing down.. what is the term for time speeding up? Also what...
  32. T

    Reverse calculation of radius and principal planes of thick lens

    Dear All, I need you kind support in a problem, which I am unable to figure out. It is regarding thick lens. I am determining lens principal planes and radius using shaping factor and focal length. The forward problem I am using is, Focal length 1/f = (n-1)*[1/r1 - 1/r2...
  33. Z

    Reverse Quaternion Kienmatics equations

    Hi all!, first post! I'm programming an attitude estimation and control algorithm for a satellite. So I need a reference "trayectory" for my control system to try to follow. The generation of that attitude profile is tricky: point to the sun, if sat has access to a certain city, point to...
  34. E

    What is going on when a solar cell goes into reverse bias?

    I would like to understand exactly what happens when a PN doped crystalline silicon cell is shaded.Lets assume we have ten solar cells wired together in a series string.That there is plenty of sunlight on the first nine cells but cell ten is completely shaded.Lets say the forward bias of each...
  35. N

    Trace reverse perturbation

    From the tensor, ##\bar{h}^{ij}=h^{ij}-1/2\eta^{ij}h## Where, h=##h^i_i##, Prove that ##\bar{h}=-h##, Where, ##\bar{h}=\bar{h}^i_i##
  36. N

    Why in a LC circuit does the current reverse ?

    So I was learning about the LC circuit and I know that an inductor would oppose the change in current through it, so if I connect a charged capacitor with an inductor, the charges on the capacitor would want to flow to the other side and neutralize the two plates like it does when the two plates...
  37. T

    Reverse Conditional Probabilities

    I've written a modified mutation algorithm that I am trying to derive a more analytical probability model for. The basic algorithm works like this: 1. The probability of mutation is P(M) = 0.01. 2. If mutation occurs, then: a. The probability that mutation-type A is P(A|M) = 0.50 b. The...
  38. Undacuva

    Power required to reverse an electropermanent magnet

    Hi, I need to know how to calculate the power level and pulse width required to revers the polarity of a rod or bar shaped alnico magnet, depending on the width. I also don't know whether to use AC or DC power. I'm prototyping an invention and it needs to be as power efficient as possible.
  39. J

    DC Reverse polarity protection using P-MOSFET

    Hello All, I'm designing a circuit board that needs to run on a 12VDC supply and will need to supply a fair amount of power to drive a bunch of 12V relay coils, in addition to some electronics. Since I want to keep the voltage drop on the supply a small as possible, I thought about using a...
  40. L

    Help Requested: Reverse Engineering PCB Layout to Circuit Design

    Dear All I have been recently started to work with Reverse Engineering technology and I would now like to determine a circuit layout diagram of a charge controller from its PCB Layout. Can anyone please help me with this one. I have uploaded the PCB design for your reference. Please...
  41. Low-Q

    Reverse calculation of COP

    Hi, I wonder how you calculate the "inverse COP" of a heat exchanger. Say a heat exchanger has a COP 4 at 0 degrees C. Under that condition the heat exchanger consumes 1kW, and deliver 4kW heat. So if you now turn it off, and instead heat one side and cool the other side with external heat...
  42. S

    A Reverse Dynamo - Opposite to the Shake Flashlight

    I would like to know if it's possible to build a dynamo that instead of having an electrical current driven through a coil by movement of a magnet to generate electricity could be driven by ac to move the magnet or coil in a vertical motion instead. If so, (which logically it sounds possible to...
  43. N

    Dichotomy paradox reverse engineering

    We know we can biject the segments of size 0.5, 0.25, 0.125, … to the segments of size 0.25, 0.125, 0.0625, …, furthermore we can biject these segments to the segments of size 0.125, 0.0625, 0.03125, …, and there is no end to it. So, we can use index #1 for segment 0.5. We can as well use index...
  44. cepheid

    DC-DC converter that can handle reverse current for motors

    I have a stepper motor with built-in controller/servo system that requires a supply voltage of 24 VDC +/- 10%. The problem is, the power system I'm using is a lead-acid battery that is normally maintained at a top up voltage of 27 V to 28 V, which exceeds the upper limit motor input. Most of the...
  45. Twinflower

    Generator VAr Import and Reverse Power

    Hi guys I am not sure if this is the right forum, so please feel free to move this topic around to where it belongs. This is not homework help, but something I have been wondering about lately. Anyway. I am wondering about som differences between VAr Import and reverse power for...
  46. L

    Reverse Solar Trap: Exploring an Idea for Solar Cooling

    I've been thinking about this on and off for awhile now. It first started with the idea of a solar trap. Solar trap being something like having a solar collector focusing light on a container of water, having an infra red barrier around the container, and a black body at the centre. Incoming...
  47. P

    Conduction in reverse biasing too? Is it the case with transistor?

    Conduction in reverse biasing too?? Is it the case with transistor?? I have a mechanical analogy of diode in which a socket is provided with a one way valve. (figure 1st below). The arrow inside the circle shows the direction of motor pump. When there is enough pressure to lift the valve...
  48. D

    Reverse order of double integral

    Homework Statement Integrate (x+2y) over y=1+x^2 , y=2x^2 and x=0, x=1 (dy dx) Homework Equations Graph is sketched. The Attempt at a Solution y = 2x^2 --> x=(y/2)^(1/2) y = 1+x^2 --> x=(y-1)^(1/2) integrate over y=0 to y=2 problem encountered when solving definite integral from y=0 to...
  49. C

    Understanding Reverse Osmosis Water Filters: Fact or Fiction?

    HI, this is the first time I have posted on this site. I know very little about physics, so am not sure if this is ok to post here, but I wondered if anyone could tell me if reverse osmosis is a true phenomena and whether reverse osmosis water filters (which you can buy and fit to your taps...
  50. M

    Reverse Recovery Time Explained: Simple Guide

    I really tried to read about it, but I just don't get it? What does it mean in simple-language? What is (storage time) & (transition interval)? Elaborate Please! [It is included in diode introductory lesson]
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