What is Transition: Definition and 536 Discussions
A transition economy or transitional economy is an economy which is changing from a centrally planned economy to a market economy. Transition economies undergo a set of structural transformations intended to develop market-based institutions. These include economic liberalization, where prices are set by market forces rather than by a central planning organization. In addition to this trade barriers are removed, there is a push to privatize state-owned enterprises and resources, state and collectively run enterprises are restructured as businesses, and a financial sector is created to facilitate macroeconomic stabilization and the movement of private capital. The process has been applied in China, the former Soviet Union and Eastern bloc countries of Europe and some Third world countries, and detailed work has been undertaken on its economic and social effects.
The transition process is usually characterized by the changing and creating of institutions, particularly private enterprises; changes in the role of the state, thereby, the creation of fundamentally different governmental institutions and the promotion of private-owned enterprises, markets and independent financial institutions. In essence, one transition mode is the functional restructuring of state institutions from being a provider of growth to an enabler, with the private sector its engine. Another transition mode is change the way that economy grows and practice mode. The relationships between these two transition modes are micro and macro, partial and whole. The truly transition economics should include both the micro transition and macro transition. Due to the different initial conditions during the emerging process of the transition from planned economics to market economics, countries uses different transition model. Countries like P.R.China and Vietnam adopted a gradual transition mode, however Russia and some other East-European countries, such as the former Socialist Republic of Yugoslavia, used a more aggressive and quicker paced model of transition.The term "transition period" is also used to describe the process of transition from capitalism to the first stage of socialism, preceding the establishment of fully developed socialism (aka communism).
Homework Statement
Give the physical explanation of the graphs (Fig 4(a) and 4(b)) on Page 4
http://www.pma.caltech.edu/~mcc/Ph127/b/Lecture3.pdf"
Homework Equations
1) Why V_{g} decreases with temperature but V_{l} increases with temperature
2) Why must phase transition happen at...
Homework Statement
Explain why 2-bromopropane reacts with NaI in acetone over 10^4 times faster than bromocyclopropane. (Hint: examine the transition state for each of the reactions)
Homework Equations
The Attempt at a Solution
I understand this is a sn2 type reaction and...
Consider a particle in an infinite square well described initially by a wave that is superposition of the ground state and the first excited states of the well: Ψ(x,t = 0) = C[ψ1(x) +ψ 2 (x)]
(a) show that the value C =1/ 2 normalizes this wave, assuming 1 ψ and 2 ψ are themselves normalized...
Making the "Transition"
Hello. I am currently a freshman in college, finishing up my second semester. I am looking at basically majoring in mathematics. (My actual major title will be Applied Mathematics and Computational Science, I am creating a major plan to better suit my needs.) Regardless...
I want to calculate the free-free transitions using the close-coupling method, and it is said that M. J. seaton etc. have already developed a good procedure (module STGFF) to calculate the free-free transition(Free-free transitions and spectral-line broadening, M. J. seaton 2000,Journal of...
I am going to start my MS in physics next year as I finish my BS, because I am enrolled in my schools BS/MS program. I was wondering about getting into Phd programs after finishing my masters. Would I be pretty much relegated to staying at the school I already received my masters at? Would top...
Hi Anyone,
This is my first post here and i have a bit of a quandry.
I'm doing some work related to hyperfine transition levels in Rubidium.
Ive been looking and asking but no-one can explain to me satisfactorly how hyperfine splits occur.
Mostly i get answers like " you should find out...
Homework Statement
Positronium is an atom formed by an electron and a positron. It is similar to the
hydrogen atom, with the positron replacing the proton. If a positronium atom
makes a transition from the state n = 3 to a state with n = 1, the energy of the
photon emitted in this...
Greetings Physics Forums! This is my first post.
A physical phenomena that I know for a long time is that when an atom (let's say hydrogen) has an electron that make a quantum jump from a higher energy state to a lower it emits a photon. Suppose the hydrogen atom is isolated from the external...
Hey
have another problem with one of my exercises
Homework Statement
Make a crude estimate for the mean life of an electric dipole transition
in a atom E_\gamma = 10 eV
in a nucleus E_\gamma = 1 MeV
Homework Equations
W_{\alpha \beta} &=& \frac{4}{3} \frac{e^2}{\hbar^4 c^3}...
I came across this problem in one of my linear algebra books.
A linear transformation T:R^3 ->R^3 has matrix
2 3 0
-1 1 2
2 0 1
with respect to the standard basis for R^3. Find the matrix of T with respect to the basis
B={(1,2,1),(0,1,-1),(2,3,2)}
The answer given is...
Hi, I keep confusing myself between decoherence and the transition from pure to mixed, both of which, as far as I know, come about due to the interaction of a system with the environment.
I like to think about things in terms of the density matrix to get it solid in my head.
Can someone...
oiler formula says
cosx+isinx
but here they multiply by minus the imaginary part of the phasor representation
the coefficient of sine is minus the imaginary part
why??
I have a question regarding the possible oxidation states of metals. I understand how to find the oxidation state of a metal in a compound, that's pretty straightforward. What I'm interested in is finding possible oxidation states given only the name of the metal. For example, Cu has possible...
I am very early into my first look at topology (specifically, I am jumping to topology on smooth manifolds through the Baez/Muniain book - Gauge Fields, Knots and Gravity) and I have a few questions. Suppose we have overlapping sets on a manifold A and B like this...
Homework Statement
A hydrogen atom is in state (|210>+|211>)/sqrt(2) relative to some fixed coordinate system. Assume only E1 transitions contribute. To which direction in space the rate of emission will be minimal?
Homework Equations
The rate of emission is proportional to
|<F|X|I>...
Hello there,
yet another trivial problem:
I've attended the 'stochastic process' course some time ago but the only thing I remember is that this kind of problem is really easy to compute, there is some simple pattern for this I presume.
thanks for your help,
rahl.
Hey PF,
So I am a junior in high school and am highly interested in physics and mathematics. I really want to go to college for something in this general area. I am really conflicted between taking courses concurrently at a community college, or taking them at my high school. More...
Homework Statement
Is the following transition allowed?
[4,3,0,1/2] -> [4,2,1, -1/2]
If so, find the energy involved and whether the photon is absorbed or emitted for the hydrogen atom.
Homework Equations
Selection rules for allowed transitions:
\Deltan = anything
\Deltal =\pm1...
How do I find the total electron count in a transition metal complex? For example, something simple like W(CO)6 or even more complicated like RuH(Cl)(PPh3)3?
(Note: I don't mean "d electron count" [which I know how to find], I mean "total electron count.")
Homework Statement
Transition metal species are known that contain multiple metal-carbon bonds, for example, M=CH2. Describe how the π portion of the M=C bond would be formed using a pure d orbital on M and in what plane the protons on the CH2 group would lie. (A d orbital is employed because...
Suppose that a casino introduces a game in which a player bets $1 and can
either win $2 or lose it, both with equal chances. The game ends when the player runs out
of money, or when he wins $4.
(a) Build a transition matrix for the game, and show that it is not a regular transition
matrix...
I have to learn a section from my textbook and I can't seem to undertand what a regular transition matrix is. The definition given is: A transition matrix is regular if some integer power of it has all positive entries. Now an identity matrix isn't regular, but I am pretty sure all integer...
Homework Statement
A hydrogen atom with its electron in the n = 6 energy level emits a photon of the infrared light. Calculate the change in energy of the atom and the wavelength of the photon.
Using Rydberg's equation, the change in energy is 1.82 x 10^-19J
But I do not understand why...
Hi,
I have a (markov chain) transition matrix X which I understand. In particular each row of this matrix sums to 1.
I have used this transition matrix to construct it's generator, Y. I.e. Y is the continuously compounded transition matrix,
X = exp(Y)
X*X = exp(2Y), etc
both X and Y...
Pre-industrial era, co_2 has been considered as ~280 ppm. Current value is ~387 ppm.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas.
Some projections are for co_2 to rise to ~540-970 ppm by 2100 (90 yrs away). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming. Upper range of 970 ppm would represent 2.5...
Smooth transition map (easy!?)
Homework Statement
Check the transition map
http://img132.imageshack.us/img132/4341/18142532.png
is smooth in the set for which their images intersect
The Attempt at a Solution
I have thought of two ways to show this.
(1) Show that Φ is a composition...
I have only taken one very intro quantum mechanics class and the furthest we got was solving the Schrodinger equation for the Coulumb potential of the hydrogen atom.
So we solved for the allowed energy levels and the wavefunction for the hydrogen atom. We also learned how using the...
I have a question in Srednicki's book regarding path integrals, but first I'll set it up so that no familiarity of the book is required to answer the question.
The vacuum to vacuum transition amplitude for the photon field in the presence of a source is given by: <0|0>_J=\int \mathcal D A...
microwave can be used to engineering potentials for alkali atoms
i find that in the literature, people only take the magnetic dipole transition into account
why the electric dipole transition is neglected?
is it forbidden?
So, let's say that you wanted to find the optical transition rate between subbands for electrons in a quantum well. To a good approximation, you can say that the wavefunctions are of the form
\Psi = \psi(\vec r) u_c(\vec r)
where u_c is the Bloch function and the lowercase psi is a...
For hydrogen emission spectra from n = 3 to n = 2:
My question is: In the following transition which is (are) possible or impossible and why?
3s --> 2s, 3s --> 2p
3p --> 2s, 3p --> 2p,
3d --> 2s, 3d --> 2p,
I hope some of you know something about transition density functions. I'm wondering if there are some nice properties I can use...
Suppose p is a transition density function, defined as follows:
p(t,f,a|T,F,A) dF dA := Prob(F<f<F+dF, A<a<A+dA | F(t)=f, A(t)=a).
My question: what...
At page 190 of Bransden & Joachain (see the page from http://books.google.com/books?id=i5IPWXDQlcIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=B.+H.+Bransden,+Charles+Jean+Joachain&hl=da#PPA190,M1"), there are 2 expressions for the transition probability, (4.38) and it's absolute value squared in (4.39).
Is it...
Metals of Transition series influence in proton RMN spectra
First of all, Greetings to everyone
My question is simple but a bit able to create confusion i can't explain myself right so I'm going to try...
The question is how can the fact of a metal being of the transition serie os periodic...
Has anyone here done any study with automata?
i'm interested in deriving a general model, in a state + transition encoded way; that's a parsing grammnar approach to start with, then generalize it further to a sort of wavevector/wavefunction algebra; a QM model since I study QI at the mo.
IS...
1. Is a 4p -> 4s transition allowed in sodium? If so, what is the wavelength? If not, why not? (Z = 11 for sodium)
2. \Deltal = |l2 - l1| = 1
That is for the first question, in which case it is allowed, hence |0-1| = |-1| = 1, and meets the requirements for the equation.
The second...
I am a rising sophomore and am currently registered for Physics I (calc) and Calculus II. However, I am attempting a double major (phys, math), and have started late...so I would like to double up on my maths for the next 2-3 semesters.
I am currently learning Calculus II, so when I take the...
Hello, I usually just read the threads and watch the lectures on the forums so I haven't really had a reason to sign up until now. Given an academic guidance sub-forum I figured I'd give my question a try.
Did anyone of you find high school boring, but come into your own during college? When...
i do not really understand wigmer-mermin theorem
in my impression, it states that there is no continuous symmetry breaking in 1d and 2d
so does wigner-mermin theorem rules out SF-Mott insulator transtion in 1d and 2d lattices ?
E of nlow to nhigh= -2.178*10^-18 * Z^2/nhigh^2 - nlow^2
find the energy needed to remove an electron completely from a hydrogen atom and the energy needed to remove one mol of electrons from one mol of hydrogen atoms
Z= 1 nhigh= infinity nlow=1
E = 2.178*10^-18 J
one mole of electrons...
We had a post-doctoral candidate interviewing this week who did his dissertation on OTR generated by relativistic electrons crossing a solid/vacuum interface. Unfortunately for him, he clearly didn't understand transition radiation, but it piqued the interest of the rest of us who interviewed...
Ok, I finished my physics I calculus based class, and really I don't feel like I learned a lot or mastered the material. I would spend many minutes nearing hours trying to think over my homework but with a load of other classes and the fact that we got all the hard and I do mean hard problems...