What is Transition: Definition and 536 Discussions
A transition economy or transitional economy is an economy which is changing from a centrally planned economy to a market economy. Transition economies undergo a set of structural transformations intended to develop market-based institutions. These include economic liberalization, where prices are set by market forces rather than by a central planning organization. In addition to this trade barriers are removed, there is a push to privatize state-owned enterprises and resources, state and collectively run enterprises are restructured as businesses, and a financial sector is created to facilitate macroeconomic stabilization and the movement of private capital. The process has been applied in China, the former Soviet Union and Eastern bloc countries of Europe and some Third world countries, and detailed work has been undertaken on its economic and social effects.
The transition process is usually characterized by the changing and creating of institutions, particularly private enterprises; changes in the role of the state, thereby, the creation of fundamentally different governmental institutions and the promotion of private-owned enterprises, markets and independent financial institutions. In essence, one transition mode is the functional restructuring of state institutions from being a provider of growth to an enabler, with the private sector its engine. Another transition mode is change the way that economy grows and practice mode. The relationships between these two transition modes are micro and macro, partial and whole. The truly transition economics should include both the micro transition and macro transition. Due to the different initial conditions during the emerging process of the transition from planned economics to market economics, countries uses different transition model. Countries like P.R.China and Vietnam adopted a gradual transition mode, however Russia and some other East-European countries, such as the former Socialist Republic of Yugoslavia, used a more aggressive and quicker paced model of transition.The term "transition period" is also used to describe the process of transition from capitalism to the first stage of socialism, preceding the establishment of fully developed socialism (aka communism).
Dear all,
I have calculated the rotationally averaged two-photon transition
strength (DeltaTPA) using the CCSD response approach. Degenerate TPAs of ten excited states have been calculated. For most of the excited states considered, I got the positive DeltaTPAs, while for some excited states...
I'm currently on a career path I got into through an applied physics masters, but there isn't much of future in my particular field so I'm trying to switch. Additionally, I'm very concerned about climate change and I have a B.S in Electrical Engineering (with a minor in physics), so I'm...
Homework Statement
Part (a): Show the Commutation relation [x, [H,x] ]
Part (b): Show the expression by taking expectation value in kth state.
Part (c): Show sum of oscillator strength is 1. What's the significance of radiative transition rates?Homework Equations
The Attempt at a Solution...
Homework Statement
How do you explain that crystalline melting temperature Tf of PE is greater than the Tf of PEO? How do you explain that the glass transition temperature of PP is lower than the glass transition temperatures of PVC and PS?
Homework Equations
None
The Attempt at a Solution...
Homework Statement
Prove the following theorem:
Suppose that B, C, and D are ordered bases for a nontrivial finite dimensional vector space V. let P be the transition matrix from B to C, and let Q be the transition matrix from C to D. Then QP is the transition matrix from B to D...
Homework Statement
Let So = {v1,v2,v3,v4} be a basis of the vector space V.
S= {u1,u2,u3,u4} is a set of vectors defined as follows:
u1 = 80v1 + 106v2 + 120v3 +164v4
u2 = 80v1 + 146v2 + 136v3 + 91v4
u3 = 90v1 + 143v2 + 122v3 + 70v4
u4 = 80v1 + 56v2 + 80v3 + 48v4
Find the Transition...
Homework Statement
Part (a): Show probability to transit from state i to j is given by:
Part (b)i: Use answer in part (a) to find probability
Part (b)ii: Use time evolution to find probability
Homework Equations
The Attempt at a Solution
Part (a) was alright, bookwork question on time...
I've been working as an ME for approximately 3 years and I'm not enjoying what I'm doing as much as I'd have hoped. I'm currently completing an MS in ME Control Systems, which I absolutely love (2 courses from completion).
During my MS coursework I've taken a lot of EE courses on electric...
Homework Statement
Let So = {v1,v2,v3,v4} be basis of vector space V.
And S = {u1,u2,u3,u4} be set of vectors defined as follows:
u1 = 20v1 + 46v2 + 116v3 + 170v4
u2 = 20v1 + 86v2 + 147v3 + 174v4
u3 = 30v1 + 89v2 + 59v3 + 81v4
u4 = 15v1 + 27v2 + 12v3 + 9v4
Find transition matrix A from...
Suppose that we have a body that is moving at a straight line, inertially wrt to another frame. If it starts to move in a circular way after that, what can be said about the motions of its points. Do all points have to deccelrate to achieve the circular motion, but in a different manner, since...
My knowledge on this topic is a bit sketchy. I realize that there is a whole branch of math out there devoted to checking whether a certain vector bundle is trivial or not, and I partly know some stuff about characteristic classes that seems to do just that (the cases of the Euler classes and...
Hi,
I was just trying to draw a Feynman diagram for ψ' to χ_{c} states.
So we have a electromagnetic transition.
I feel tempted to just have c and \bar{c} coming in and letting a γ leave from one of the legs. But that looks like an incomplete Feynman diagram to me. Maybe I have to get two...
I am not understanding something from my textbook. This is related to Fermi's Golden rule. It's about what happens when the matrix element of the perturbation H' ends up being a Dirac delta for chosen normalization. Here is Fermi's Golden rule.
\Gamma_{ba} = 2\pi \left|\langle b \mid H'\mid a...
Homework Statement
For a laser, assume single mode operation, only lifetime broadening due to A21 and A1. Write out the rate equations for the atomic densitions N1 and N2 and the flux \Phi.
Then there's a diagram where there's 2 stats. Pump rate is P, stimulated emission between 1 and 2 is...
Hello friends ,
I have some conceptual problems in understanding the difference between Minkowski spacetime and the spacetime of general relativity. The general spacetime of GR is defined as a smooth manifold which is locally like Minkowski spacetime . What does this statement mean ?
Does...
Homework Statement
Hey guys,
So I have to estimate the temperature at which the classical / quantum transition happens for a 1m^3 box of air. This is done by comparing the de Broglie wavelength with the average distance between the particles - so basically the transition happens when they...
Homework Statement
B = {b1, b2, b3}
and
C = {c1, c2, c3}
are two basis's for R3 where the connection between the basis vectors are given by
b1 = -c1 + 4c2, b2 = -c1 + c2 + c3, b3 = c2 - 2c3
a) decide the transformation matric from basis B to basis C.
A vector x is given in...
After time t, the probability of monochromatic absorption of the ground state |1> to the energy state |n> is given by:
|<n|1>|^2=4|U_{n1}|^2\frac{\sin^2((E_n-E_1-\hbar\omega)t/2\hbar)}{(E_n-E_1-\hbar\omega)^2}
where U is the transition matrix. The claim is that as t goes to infinity, the...
So a phase transition occurs when a system may minimize its free energy by spontanously breaking some symmetry. At least that is what I have learned from my current course so far.
However I also did another course concerning phase transitions. In this case phase transitions were always...
Hi,
I wonder if there is an elegant way of how to picture (or describe at all) the transition of free electrons (non-quantized, point-like charges) into let's say the bound ground state of the hydrogen atom (in which it becomes quantized and cloud-like).
How does the transition occur ?
When...
I recently graduated with a Bachelors of Science in Physics and want to attain the credentials necessary to qualify to take the Fundamentals of Engineering Exam. I am wondering what the best course of action would be. Do you basically need either an ABET undergraduate degree or masters degree in...
In the definition of smooth manifolds we require that the transition functions between different charts be infinitely differentiable (a circle is an example of such a manifold). Topological manifolds, however, does not require transitions functions to be smooth (or rather no transition functions...
Homework Statement
I'd like to calculate the probability of a spin flip transition occurring in the ground state of neutral hydrogen. That is, the transition from parallel to anti-parallel spin configuration of the electron and proton. This transition produces the 21-cm line.
Homework...
Homework Statement
Evaluate the matrix element <U210|z|U100> where by |Unlm> we mean the hydrogen atom orbital with it's quantum numbers.
Homework Equations
The Attempt at a Solution
So where I'm getting stuck is on the integral, because the "U" portion of the wave function is...
I would like to thank this forum for numerous threads discussing various ways to transition out of academia after getting a PhD in physics. However I still think that I am missing a key factor leading to successful transitions.
I also have nobody to ask in person. All of my friends who got...
Homework Statement
There is a solid that can be in two phases, with energies U1(S,V) = S2/a1 + b1V(V-2Vo) and U2(S,V) = S2/a2 + b2V(V-2Vo).
Consider a phase transition between the two phases at zero pressure.
At what temperature, T0, does it occur?
Homework Equations
T = ∂G/∂S...
When a photon is absorbed by an electron through a direct transition in a crystal, the crystal momentum of electron would not approximately change. Therefore momentum change of electron would neutralize momentum change of crystal. In other words, the crystal would gain momentum as well as...
Homework Statement
The graph below (see attached) shows the measured magnetization against temperature at room pressure for the material Gd and for another material for use in a magnetic refrigerator at room temperature.
1)Calculate the expected change of temperature of a thermally isolated...
Homework Statement
An atom in an excited state has a lifetime of 1.2 x 10 -8 sec; in a second excited state the
lifetime is 2.3 x 10 -8 sec. What is the uncertainty in energy for the photon emitted when
an electron makes a transition between these two levels?
Homework Equations...
1.At constant temperature of 258K and constant pressure of 1.000 atm , super cooled liquid water (2.00mol) freezes irreversibly. Find the change in enthalpy(ΔH) by assuming that Cp,m of liquid water and ice are 75.48 KJ/mol and 37.15KJ/mol and are constant. (this problem was from my assignment...
Why can have transition metals unpaired electrons in their compounds? In correlates to their multiple oxidation states, but I still don't know the explanation of it, that would make me satisfied - I suppose it's mathematical, as molecular orbitals are creating. Or is there any explanation?
When a transition from valence band to conduction band happens (in a direct-gap material), how the momentum is conserved while the group velocity of electron is changed considerably?
I have a problem in finding the heat transfer coefficient of a heat exchanger in which Ethane undergoes a phase transition. I would like to find the Prandtl number of Ethane in the phase transition region. So far I thought I would use the following:
Pr_av = x * Pr_g + (1-x) Pr_l
Pr_av =...
Homework Statement
A photon emitted during an electronic transition in a hydrogen atom has a wavelength of 486.2
nm. From what initial energy level (ni) did the electron transition? Homework Equations
Energy = hc/wavelength (h = Planck's constant; c is speed of light; and wavelength is 486.2...
1. Regarding: Transition metals of the Periodic Table
2. Here's my question: the D-Block transition metals will always lose e- (& never gain e-'s) to fully fill (or half-fill) their d-subshells, right?
3. Given what I learned about stable, fully-filled and half-filled subshells...
So I was trying to understand how fluid flow is affected through a transition duct when I found http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/152/1/IJEMS%2014%281%29%202007%2012-18.pdf that was done. In the study it was noticed that there was a dramatic drop in velocity near the end of the...
Judging from the electron configurations, it appears to me that all transition metals in their normal state have 2 valence electrons. If it isn't, what are the valences of the transition metals, why can they have many different valences, and what are the 1B-8B columns for?
Number of...
Hello,
I was an electrical engineering student and knew how to utilize the necessary mathematical tools to solve anything that came my way.
I always had a deep latent predilection for mathematics but due to some constraints I was unable to spare much time on improving my knowledge of the subject...
Homework Statement
http://icho2013.chem.msu.ru/materials/IChO-2013_Theoretical_Official_English_Version.pdf
Looking at problem 1.
Homework Equations
The integrated form of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation:
ln(\frac{P_{T2}}{P_{T1}}) = -\frac{\Delta H}{R} \cdot (\frac{1}{T_2} -...
Hi everyone!
I would like to ask you some clarifications on an explicit example of local trivializations and transition functions of fibre bundles: namely on the [-1,1]\hookrightarrow E\rightarrow S^1 bundle (which I guess is the simplest possible example).
Following Nakahara (chapter 9...
Homework Statement
I want to find the transition matrix for the rational canonical form of the matrix A below.
Homework Equations
The Attempt at a Solution
Let ##A## be the 3x3 matrix
##\begin{bmatrix} 3 & 4 & 0 \\-1 & -3 & -2 \\ 1 & 2 & 1 \end{bmatrix}##
The...
Let's say I have a general phase transition S (phase 1) ::equil:: S (phase 2). At a certain point in pressure and temperature for each phase (they can have different pressures and temperatures, we might say P1 and T1 for phase 1 and P2 and T2 for phase 2), how might we express the forward and...
Say for a simple hydrogen atom, an electron absorbs just the right amount of energy such that it jumps up from energy levels n = 1 to n = 5. When it comes back down, is it possible to say, do n = 5 to n =3 to n = 2 to n =1, releasing 3 photons with their respective specific frequencies/energies...
I am interested in the main difference between transitions from electric fields from Conductive to Conductive/ Dielectric to Dielectric and Dielectric/Conductive media.
What are the boundary conditions that an Electric field and a potential has to fulfill?
I think I only know it for dielectric...
Homework Statement
Consider the flow of air over an aerofoil.
The critical Reynolds number marking the transition from laminar to turbulent flow is 6 x 10^5, the dynamic viscosity is 2.0 x 10^-5 Ns/m^2, the density of air is 1.100 kg/m^3 and the aircraft velocity is 180 m/s.
What is the length...
Homework Statement
Hello guys, I'm stuck on a problem I've met in an exam and that I will roughly copy out of memory.
There was a substance that had a transition to liquid helium at ##T_0=3##K. Also, ##M=\frac{nDB}{T}## (Curie's law was satisfied). Specific heat at constant magnetization was...