Hi, I am reading about forces on a two-level atom. In my textbook (p. 30 in Laser cooling and trapping by Metcalf & Straten) it says that the matrix expression for the force
F = e\frac{\partial}{\partial z}(<\vec{E}(\vec{r},t) \cdot \vec{r}>)
has only off-diagonal entries.
But how does...