Where is the universe expanding?

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The universe is expanding uniformly in all directions, and it is not expanding into anything. There is no external space into which the universe expands, as it comprises all of space itself. The concept of the universe needing to be located in a larger space is unnecessary; it exists independently. Expansion should be understood as changes in the geometry of space experienced by those within it. Ultimately, the universe's expansion is a fundamental characteristic of its nature.
nil1996
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we all know the that the universe is exapnding. But where it is expanding?
 
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nil1996 said:
we all know the that the universe is exapnding. But where it is expanding?

It is expanding everywhere. If you mean what is it expanding INTO, then there is no such thing. It is not expanding INTO anything.
 
nil1996 said:
we all know the that the universe is exapnding. But where it is expanding?

Why should the universe be located in any larger space?. It does not need to be anywhere. Internal distances can simply expand without there being any exterior.

Think of the universe as comprising all space. It is impossible to view it from the "outside" because there is no outside. So you must understand expansion differently from the way one does when one can view something from outside in the context of a surrounding space.

Changes in the geometry of space are experienced and measured by creatures living within that space.
 

Thread 'Matter density right after the decoupling'

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombination_(cosmology) Was a matter density right after the decoupling low enough to consider the vacuum as the actual vacuum, and not the medium through which the light propagates with the speed lower than ##({\epsilon_0\mu_0})^{-1/2}##? I'm asking this in context of the calculation of the observable universe radius, where the time integral of the inverse of the scale factor is multiplied by the constant speed of light ##c##.
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Thread 'Hubble Constant, Dark Energy and the Expanding Universe'

Why was the Hubble constant assumed to be decreasing and slowing down (decelerating) the expansion rate of the Universe, while at the same time Dark Energy is presumably accelerating the expansion? And to thicken the plot. recent news from NASA indicates that the Hubble constant is now increasing. Can you clarify this enigma? Also., if the Hubble constant eventually decreases, why is there a lower limit to its value?
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