Analog Definition and 281 Threads

We are using analog signaling to transmit our data. If we utilize 4 different phase shifts and 8 different amplitudes and the bit rate is 100 Kbits/s what is the baud rate of the channel? I was thinking that it is log_{2} (4 * 8)/100 =1/20 but i think it is wrong.

Mathjobs.org is a great resource for math Ph.D.s looking to go into academia, but there aren't very many industry jobs posted there. I was wondering if there were a similar resource for people looking for industry positions. Anyone have any advice? Thanks in advance!

Hi PF, I used the circuit shown in datasheet of AD633 to generate AM waves. But the output I got was not correct. I want to why this error comes and explanations will be helpful. I will have to go for BF194 designs else. Here in our labs transistor circuits seldom works. Why I don't...

is it true that analog signals are the logarithmic version of the natural signals... and hence the name a-na -log.? what is the meaning of infinite information contained in analog or continuous valued signal? please elaborate

I am vexed. In your expert opinion can matter and the particles and wave forms of which it is composed be described within a digital model or an analog. Is this a human perception limitation wherein the analytical left hemisphere types prefer a digital universe mostly because it can be...

I am working on designing a music visualization system using LEDs. I would like to create an analog design that uses op amps to filter, amplify, and add DC bias to an audio signal so it can be read into the A/D of a 5V microprocessor. The input signal is a +/- 1.5V volt audio signal coming from...

I am toying around with connecting a 236PC 15GW pressure sensor to my arduino board. I am supplying nearly 10 volts to the Sensor and can get +- .1V readings from some simple tests. How do I condition these two lines that give +- .1V to range from 0-5 Volts for the Arduino analog pins.

The Gibbs energy is used to determine the spontaneity of a thermodynamic process under isobaric conditions. The Helmholtz energy is used to determine the spontaneity of a thermodynamic process under isovolumetric conditions. I was curious: is there an energy used to determine the spontaneity...

What is typical internal resistance of a voltage meter on a handheld analog multimeter, and also what is typical resistance on its ammeter?

Hello Everyone, In Digital to Analog conversion circuit we use the weighted resistors(i.e R,2R,3R,4R) and one feedback resistor(i.e Rf). Here my question is that how to calculate the those resistor values? If you know any formulas please provide me...

Hello All: This may be a repeat post - I looked at my history and did not see it. I am looking for a product ( finished/qualified) that takes a standard Analog signal ( 0-10V and/or 4-20mA) and converts to a PWM signal with fixed but settable; Frequency of ~ 100 to 5000hZ - possibly with a...

Astrobites provides an interesting, and in my opinion, important service of helping undergraduate astronomy students become better acquainted with current research literature. Beyond helping these students, it's also nice for the graduate students who produce the articles. Does anyone know...

Various closed form formulas for summing the first n terms of a sequence \{a_i\} of numbers can be developed by considering the various order differences of the terms, such as {\triangle} a_i = a_{i+1} - a_i and \triangle^2 a_i = \triangle ( \triangle a_i) . Closed form formulas occur if...

Hello, I'm wondering if there are a series of books, analogous to the Feynman Lectures, for Electrical Engineering. The Feynman Lectures (as many of you know) are clear and concise, and nutshell a great deal of typical undergraduate study. A student can read these lectures from cover to...

Meaning of "Scaled" and "Inverted" in context of picoammeter analog voltage output I'm trying connect a picoammeter to an oscilloscope, and I noticed that its analog voltage output was described as "scaled" and "inverted". I'm just curious as to what that means about the oscilloscope is going...

I drew a circuit using paint for this function. I was wondering what kind of individual comparator should I use to save the most power. Also, what are some less noob ways of going about this? sorry if stupid question. I am an undergrad

Hello, I was googling for analog design electronic book, which describe the issues in application manner, so i found this book https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0072EJ8H8/?tag=pfamazon01-20 Please share your opinion concerning this book and others if you have. Regards, Hisham

I am working with two distance sensors 2d120(analog output), 2y0a21(digital output). In those two datasheets, they had written that 2d120(analog) requires analog interface and 2y0a21(digital) requires digital interface. Currently, i am using only 2y0a21(digital output) sensor in my project work...

On the one hand, there the argument that things are going digital, and most IC design firms now try to have as few analog components as they can. On the other hand, as long as you're interfacing with the real world, you can never really design a completely digital system. Also, I hear that...

Hello everyone I have a question that I've been pondering.. And it probably has a simple answer. I'm studying physics of Telecommunications at college, and we were talking about how you can't send digital square pulses over phone lines. This would require an unlimited need for bandwidth, and...

Hi everyone, I know that there is a result that corresponding to a closed p-form α, I can find a p-1 form β, such that dβ = α. I wanted to ask, what the tensorial analog of this would be. I mean would it be right to say that on a manifold with a lorentzian metric, If I have a vector...

Hello everybody, I'm trying to do some kind of keyboard device which has like 12-15 digital inputs and outputs to a serial USB port. Because other similar circuits I've seen I know I need a microcontroller and some capacitors. The problem is, my device has to be very small and I can't put...

Is there a coaxial digital to analog converter that only decodes the digital signal into multiple signals for the channels and then converts the digital signals into analog signals but does not serve as a digital tuner? Because most coaxial digital to analog converters do not decode the...

Hi all, I have been thinking about doing Master's degree in Electrical Engineering but I'm really not sure which way to go. In fact I'm more into digital and DSP but I though it would be great idea to hear from experts in the field regarding the future job market and salaries especially in...

I need to decide whether to take analog circuits of digital circuits. I can always take the other one later. But for now, it's a tough call. I am very into computing and its applications, and I love logic; it seems like digital is the way to go for that stuff. However, I am also very...

The del operator is often informally written as (d/dx, d/dy, d/dz) or \hat{x}\frac{d}{dx}+\hat{y}\frac{d}{dy}+\hat{z}\frac{d}{dz}, a pseudo-vector consisting of differentiation operators. Could there be a pseudo-matrix operator like it? What would one be differentiating with respect to- that is...

Hello, I was wondering if anybody could answer a quick question: What is the typical level of Johnson-Nyquist noise in an analog voltmeter in equilibrium (short circuited)? Is it millivolts? What is the level for an AC current of order mA at 50Hz?

is it way to simplistic to think of it in this context?

An input of 2.δ(t) is applied to a system and produces the response y(t)=6.e^-2t - 4.e^-3t Find an expression for the systems frequency response. The method used would be great too. I know there's some Fourier transforms involved.

Hi All As the title of this thread suggest, I am looking for ways to recognize patterns in an analog waveform. Well the obvious answer to this question is use Artifical Neural Network (ANN) as ( from the text on google) its been used for pattern recognition and all sorts of stuff. I've been...

I am interested to know what Newton's second law (F=ma) looks like in general relativity. Looking at the geodesic equation, it appears to have some similarity. Multiply the mass of a particle by both sides and it looks like this...

hi everybody..i do need the 4TH EDITION of b p lathi"digital,analog communication systems"..can anyone help me?

In my textbook it says this: "Digital communication, which can withstand channel noise and distortion much better than analog as long as the noise and the distortion are within limits, is more rugged than analog communication. With analog messages, on the other hand, any distortion or noise, no...

Hi pf, first time poster, long time lurker. The question that I have is: how much of analog electronic circuits must you know about before digital electronic circuits (I'm talking about the introductory level for both of these subjects). At my school, they offer a 2-part course in analog...

Hello friends, I am finding it a bit difficult to comprehend what the author of a famous textbook has written about TV signal band width. Here is the excerpt from his book. Could any of you please explain what exactly he means? I don’t get why the required bandwidth is around 5.5 MHz...

Homework Statement What is a mechanical analog for xDOT=sin(x) .?Explain how using this analog, it becomes obvious that x*=0 is an unstable fixed point and that x*=pi is a stable fixed point. Homework Equations dx/dt=sin(x) The analytical solution to this problem is...

Hi All, This is a great forum for both newbies and advanced techies alike. I am a senior level tech and I have rediscovered analog computers. I would like to build a homebrew analog computer with op amps, obviously. I have done extensive research and found that detailed schematics are in rather...

what is the difference between an analog signal and alternating current??

I sketched the signal for y(t) and my answer is shown pic1.jpg but apparently it's wrong and the right answer from the tutorial answers is shown in pic2.jpg. So could someone tell me what I have done wrong. Thanks Homework Statement Consider the signal x(t) = r(t) u(2-t) where r(t) is the...

Hi, I was wondering what the disadvantage of using a non-inverting summer was rather than using an inverting summer. I was told that inverting summers are better, but not why they are. I ask because I'm making a circuit that performs a center of mass calculation: (V1 + V2) - (V3 + V4) =...

Would someone who has been around longer than me know of any books or resources to explain how analog video works. Most stuff I have found seems to be more software based or are geared towards photography rather than laboratory work. I have been looking in the literature for my work and some...

Hi, I need to get data from some sensors over a ethernet connection. I found that application idea on microchip site: http://www.microchip.com/stellent/idcplg?IdcService=SS_GET_PAGE&nodeId=2505&param=en535727#P26_1312 How do I build that circuit?

Let me preface this by saying I am very new to FPGA's. I am trying to find a way to sample 3 channels simultaneously at a resolution of 16 bits per channel and at a rate of at least 600KSPS per channel and then 2 channels at a resolution of 16 bits at a rate of at least 200KSPS. I've decided...

Is it possible to have the following signal: 1) Discrete and analog 2) Discrete and digital (I believe this one is true and very common in man made product) 3) Continuous and analog (I believe this one is also true and very common in nature) 4) Continuous and digital If a picture...

Hey guys, I'm trying to build a circuit where I can put in an analog signal (my voice) and have it output the same signal with a much lower pitch (speech synthesizer). Is there any way I could do this with primarily a 555 timer? I'm able to pulse width modulate the analog signal, but I...

What is an emitter follower? I want to know its working principle with proper circuit diagram..

Hey guys, I am trying to do analog to digital conversion for a project. I don't want to use the digital chip, but want to do it in analog. I need 8-bit resolution. I found one approach: string resistor ladder. It uses 2^n-1 resistors. For 8-bit conversion I will have to use 255 resistors...

Hello all, I'm an electrical engineering tech student working on a little side project and I can't find anything to help me with a crucial part. I have a gauge cluster out of an automobile that I want to interface with a computer to used while playing a racing game. I have a computer...

Homework Statement Calculate the angular velocity of the second, minute, and hour hand of a watch. Homework Equations Assuming the watch is functioning normally, a second hand must travel the entire 360 degrees in 60 second. The formula ω= ɵ/t would be used, where ω is angular velocity...

Hello, My senior design group is working on an SAE sponsered zero emissions snowmobile. The motor and controller we are using uses CAN protocol. Our biggest issue is figuring out a way to convert the analog throttle to a CAN message. Is there a circuit a person could construct or a product...