Linear Definition and 1000 Threads

In quantum mechanics, is the result of a linear operator acting on a ket vector always a ket vector? I’ve seen many textbooks state this, but in the case of an infinite square well, when the momentum operator acts on the ground state wave function ##\mathrm{sin}(πx/l)##, the resulting cosine...

The statement of the rank theorem can be found below. It's a bit messy, but the relevant details are that in the statement of that theorem, we have a function ##F:E\subset\mathbb R^n\to\mathbb R^m##, where ##F'(x)## has rank ##r## for every ##x\in E## (##r\leq m,r\leq n##). Now fix ##a\in E##...

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I have a question to ask everyone. Is there a positive correlation between the linear polarization degree of pulsars and their brightness in statistics? Or, is it true that the brighter the pulsar, the greater the linear polarization component?

Without going into too much detail, I have a project which I am considering my options for, and one design would have potential if I can find some sort of force-based linear actuator. I suspect that there might be some sort of magnetic-based system out there which operates on a changing...

I understand linear expressions map straight lines. How can I identify which expressions are linear; is x/(1-x^3) isn't linear but 1/(1-x^3) is linear? Thanks Martyn

Is there something beyond Holors? :cool:

Let ##X=\{(x_i)\in \ell^\infty | x_i=1 \text{ for } i\leq n, x_i=0 \text{ for } i>n, n\in \mathbb{N}\}##. For every sequence ##(x_i)## in ##X##, ##(x_i)## has the property that the first ##n## entries are 1s and the rest are 0s. So, every sequence in ##X## trivially converges to ##X## and hence...

If an accelerometer is rotating as it moves forward through the air, what force is acting on the accelerometer? Say we remove gravity and just concentrate on the horizontal axis. I know there is centripetal and tangential acceleration that shows up as an offset in the sin wave, but what causes...

Hi All, Consider two different data sets whose contexts are not related. One is ploted in a linear graphic and the other in a monolog graphic. Both data sets end up looking the same in each graphic. How (un)reasonable is to proceed to a graphic method of linear regression in a monolog graphic...

For this problem, My solution is to find the characteristic equation of the system by putting the system into a matrix. This gives ##\lambda^2 + 2f \lambda + f^2 + 1 = 0## Then each eigenvalue is ##\lambda_1 = -f - i## and ##\lambda_2 = -f + i## I then want to find the Jacobian, however, I...

I considered ##X=\mathbb{R}^n## and quickly realized any linear functional like ##f=a_1x_1+\cdots a_nx_n## would attain a maximum on the boundary. I regret to say that my knowledge of topology is still very limited, and did a lot of experimenting with a pen and paper without fruitful results...

Please consider the following step in a proof: After transposing the matrix, its coefficients still are functions of ##x##. Why then the solution ##a, a_1, a_2## is constant?

I've been struggling to understand what was the key insight or insights that linear algebra brought to math, or what problems it allowed the solving of that couldn't be solved before. To make a comparison with calculus, I understand that calculus' two key insights were finding a method to...

For this problem, I am trying to find the fundamental matrix, however, the eigenvalues are both imaginary and so are the eigenvectors. That is, ##\lambda_1 = 4i, \lambda_2 = -4i## ##v_1 = (1 + 2i, 2)^T## ##v_2 = (1 - 2i, 2)^T## So I think I just have an imaginary matrix? This is because the...

My working is , Consider case where the there are two linearly independent solutions ##x'(t) = c_1x' + c_2y' = A(c_1x + c_2y)## ##(x'~y')(c_1~c_2)^T = A(x~y)(c_1~c_2)^T## Then cancelling coefficient matrix I get, ##(x'~y')= A(x~y)## ##Φ'(t) = AΦ(t) ## by definition of 2 x 2 fundamental matrix...

For this problem, My working is, ##0v_1 + 0v_2 = 0##, however, does someone please know why the example says we cannot choose ##v_1 = (0, 0)## since from ##0v_1 + 0v_2 = 0## ##v_1, v_2 \in \mathbb{R}## i.e there is no restriction on what the vector components could be)? Thanks!

I'm reading Liang's book on General Relativity and Differential Geometry, and came across this part: I just want to have a crystal clear understanding of why this notation is chosen. Basis transformation would be an automorphism from ##V## to ##V##, and there's a result saying that the set of...

I am interested in a more direct linear equations approach...to solve, which i know is possible... A. My initial thinking was along the lines, let ##x## be the amount that Arjun paid in 2018 and let ##y## be the amount that Gretal paid in 2018 where A was the total amount paid in 2018 ...

(bottom graph relates only to c) (a) i. The students can calculate the area under the graph to find the impulse exerted on the block. This is because the area under a force vs. time graph is the change in momentum or the impulse. ii. Knowing that the graph is linear and begins at around 3 N...

So the linear regression formula is https://www.ncl.ac.uk/webtemplate/ask-assets/external/maths-resources/statistics/regression-and-correlation/simple-linear-regression.html found here. Question - is the slope given by the regression formula mathematically equivalent to individually finding...

##G## and ##H## are real valued Lipschitz continuous functions. There exists a ##K_1,K_2\geq 0## such that for all ##s,t##, $$(s-t)^2\leq K_1^2 (G(s)-G(t))^2$$ and $$(s-t)^2\leq K_2^2 (H(s)-H(t))^2.$$ Is ##aG(t)+bH(t)## where ##a,b## are real constants also Lipschitz continuous? I tried showing...

This is fine but i have my own approach as follows; ##\begin{pmatrix} -7 & -6 & -12 & -33 \\ 5 & 5 & 7& 24 \\ 1 & 0 & 4 & 5 \end{pmatrix} ## → Row 1 times 5 and row 2 times 7... ##\begin{pmatrix} -35 & -30 & -60 & -165 \\ 35 & 35 & 49& 168 \\ 1 & 0 & 4 & 5 \end{pmatrix}## →...

Hello, An estimator is a random variable, i.e. a function that assigns a number to a random sample collected from a population with unknown parameters. More practically, an estimator is really a formula to calculate an estimated coefficient ##b## using the data from our single random...

Hi; I am missing something. I can follow the technicality of a homogenous linear equation has all coefficients of zero and the "contra" for non homogenous equations. I just can't figure out the relevance of the consequences of outcome. If I am not being clear maybe I can be guided as to how...

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Taxonomy_of_Complex_Matrices.svg

Hello Forum, I have read about an interesting example of multiple linear regression (https://online.stat.psu.edu/stat501/lesson/12/12.3). There are two highly correlated predictors, ##X_1## as territory population and ##X_2## as per capita income with Sales as the ##Y## variable. My...

The published solutions indicate that the nullspace is a plane in R^n. Why isn't the nullspace an n-1 dimensional space within R^n? For example, if I understand things correctly, the 1x2 matrix [1 2] would have a nullspace represented by any linear combination of the vector (-2,1), which...

I'm guessing this question can be solved using the law of conservation of momentum Vi = 5 m/s (5 m/s) M = (4.33 m/s) cos30 M + V sinθ M I don't know what to do after this... I'm also not sure if I use the sin and cos correctly.

Hi I want to know the power efficiency of linear piezo electric motors in percentile.

Hello, I have been pondering on the following: we have data for blood pressure BP (response variable) and data about age and gender (categorical variable with two levels). We can build two linear regression models: $$BP=b_0+b_1 age+b_2 gender$$ $$BP=b_0+b_1 age$$ The first model does not take...

Dear everybody, I am having some trouble proving the implication (or the forward direction.) Here is my work: Suppose that we have an arbitrary linear functional ##l## on a Banach Space ##B## is continuous. Since ##l## is continuous linear functional on B, in other words, we want show that...

I am trying to find Planck's constant using Excel given the data: Frequency [Hz] Photon Energy [J] 7.5E+14 4.90E-19 6.7E+14 4.50E-19 6E+14 4.00E-19 5.5E+14 3.60E-19 5E+14 3.30E-19 4.6E+14 3.00E-19 4.3E+14 2.80E-19 4E+14 2.65E-19 3.75E+14 2.50E-19 I am using Linear...

Imagine two equal masses, m, moving through flat spacetime with opposite 3-momenta, as seen from an inertial frame in the COM. In the massless case of two parallel, non-colinearly infinitely long moving bundles of light, Bonnor Beams, the beams are curved if the momenta are opposite, and stay...

Let ##V## be a finite dimensional vector space over a field ##F##. If ##L## is a linear operator on ##V## such that the trace of ##L\circ T## is zero for all linear operators ##T## on ##V##, show that ##L = 0##.

Hello, In studying linear regression more deeply, I learned that scaling play an important role in multiple ways: a) the range of the independent variables ##X## affects the values of the regression coefficients. For example, a predictor variable ##X## with a large range typically get assigned...

Hello forum, I have created some linear regression models based on a simple dataset with 4 variables (columns). The first models simply involve one predictor variable: $$Y=\beta_1 X_1+\beta_0$$ and $$Y=\beta_2 X_2+ \beta_0$$ The 3rd model is multiple linear regression model involving the 3...

For this problem, Where equation 16.27 is the wave equation. The solution is I don't understand how they got the second partial derivative of ##y## with respect to ##x## circled in red. I thought it would be ##1## since ##v## and ##t## are constants Many thanks!

If I have been given a system of inhomogeneous linear ODEs, $$ \vec{x'} = \begin{bmatrix} 4 & -1 \\ 5 & -2 \\ \end{bmatrix} \vec{x} + \begin{bmatrix} 18e^{2t} \\ 30e^{2t}\\ \end{bmatrix} $$ I have found its particular solution to be: $$ 1/4 \begin{bmatrix} -31e^{2t} - 25e^{6t} \\ 85e^{2t} -...

Hello, I have a question about linear regression models and correlation. My understanding is that our finite set of data ##(x,y)## represents a random sample from a much larger population. Each pair is an observation in the sample. We find, using OLS, the best fit line and its coefficients and...

For part a: I know that linear charge density is the amount of charge per unit length, and we are given the volume charge density. Since we are given the volume, we can obtain the length by multiplying the volume by the cross sectional area, so C/m^3 * m^2 = C/m. The cross sectional area of a...

Solve the linear system of ODE ##x' = 2x + 3y##, ##y' = -3x + y## with initial conditions ##x(0) = 1, y(0) = 2##.

Dear, I would like to create a controlled system to inject 1-2 ml of liquid (a chemical reagent) into a solution contained in a glass flask. The only request made is to use a reliable linear piston of minimum size, equal to or slightly larger than the injected volume (1 cm3) so that it can...

Hello, Simple linear regression aims at finding the slope and intercept of the best-fit line to for a pair of ##X## and ##Y## variables. In general, the optimal intercept and slope are found using OLS. However, I learned that "O" means ordinary and there are other types of least square...

I'm studying "Semi-Riemannian Geometry: The Mathematical Langauge of General Relativity" by Stephen Newman. Theorem 4.4.4 in that book: The proof of part 2 is given like this: Seems a bit incomplete. I'd like to know if my approach is correct: $$\langle A(v+tw),A(v+tw)\rangle=\langle...

Can you explain with example what mean rotation is absolute and linear motion is relative?

How do we have linear spring direction (mostly a spherical spring) to have pull/push force evenly across some points within a range? Or is it possible to create spring material with anomaly property capable of performing so?

I'm watching a nice video that tries to explain how linear algebra enters the picture in quantum physics. A quick summary: Classical physics requires that physical quantities are single-valued and vary smoothly as they evolve in time. So a natural way to model classical physical quantities is...

A quasar with a bolometric flux of approximately 10−12 erg s−1 cm−2 is observed at a redshift of 1.5, i.e. its comoving radial distance is about 4.4 Gpc. Assume that the quasar in the previous question is observed to have a companion galaxy which is 5 arcseconds apart. What is the projected...

I'm designing a pivot lift system to lift my movie projector up when not in use. I've designed the parts and begun 3D printing, but am concerned that the 3D print won't be strong enough, so I may bite the bullet and have the parts CNC machined. If I do that I want to be certain that I have the...