Saturation Definition and 153 Threads

Hello There, So I made a plot of some specific heats in refprop, and I chose the "Draw Saturation Lines" option. When I did this, the follow chart was produced. http://i.imgur.com/h34Pq.png Now my question is, what are these saturation lines representing? -TP

Hi everyone, took a bit of a break lately...but with 6 days left to the final test of electronics, I figured I'd clear up some understandings I have Homework Statement http://img225.imageshack.us/img225/4474/vbbreversed.jpg I'm asked if the VBB potentials are flipped, at what condition will...

Given the 4 main properties - Temperature, Pressure, Volume & Internal Energy (with the others derived from these), is is such that in a saturation state, temperature & pressure are constrained, such that, e.g., saturated water & steam (and any quality in between) at a particular temperature...

I'm trying to find the equations or diagrams for two types of Saturation Vapor Pressures: 1) Pw = Saturation vapor pressure at water temperature 2) Pa = Saturation vapor pressure at air dew point My solution: Relative humidity = (saturation vapour pressure at dew point)/( saturation...

Hi all, I'm confused about saturation and cut-off. I've heard it described a few ways. Here is a very basic description of them. Explanation 1. Saturation occurs above the maximum input voltage within the linear range of the amplifier. Cut-off occurs at below the minimim...

Hi all, I have a doubt regarding saturation mode of BJT. Saturation occurs when both emitter-base junction and base-collector junction gets forward biased. For forward biasing a silicon p-n junction only 0.7V is needed. So is for emitter-base junction. But not for base-collector junction...

Hello all, I have a GaAs LED, and I want to determine the saturation current. I have numerous points from 0.5V-2.9V, with currents of 0.1uA-50mA. I have plotted it on semi-log paper, however, the only linear segment is from 1uA-5000uA, and then it begins to curve downwards. I used the linear...

Homework Statement Suppose 2 kg of H2O at 200 C and 300 kPa are contained in a weighted piston cylinder assembly. As a result of heating at constant pressure, the temperature of the H2O increases to 400 C. Determine the change in volume, the change in internal energy, and the change in...

Homework Statement I am work on VLSI study currently and I am having problem in the static power consumption. Homework Equations I have an equation here, I= Is [e^qv/kt - 1] and I just wish to know is there any formula for calculation the Is. The Attempt at a Solution

Dear PF, I'm a graduate student working in an ultracold atomic phys lab. We're trying to build a new machine with Li6 as one of the components, but in order to cool it we need to do saturation absorption spectroscopy on a separate stand-alone cell in order to tell our lasers what frequencies...

Confused about transistor "saturation" region I don't understand why the saturation region is called the saturation region. Take a look at the graph below: According to that graph, the "saturation" region is where the current changes most rapidly, which is the exact opposite of the...

Urgent Help Needed on Saturation, Coercivity and Energy Stored in a magnetic field! Hi guys, I'm applying to university to study Natural Science and the deadline to apply is Friday. In my application it's crucial I demonstrate extra ability and I thought of using a recent idea I had when...

Hi there! I need some help in understanding the relationship between B and H fields and their "physical" meaning (helps me visualize problems). I'll try to be as clear as possible about my current knowledge and my questions: "Fields" do not exist, they are just a mathematical...

I'm trying to learn about MOSFETs in order to use them as a switch. (note: this is not a homework/school question). On my breadboard, I have the following circuit hooked up: I vary the gate voltage using a potentiometer. Here is what confuses me: according to wikipedia, the MOSFET is in...

hi there first excuse me for my poor english! can anyone explane what the hell is the 'saturation chemical potential'?! and how can i get it? thanks guys

If you consider an air - water vapor mixture, total pressure of the mixture consists of water vapor pressure and air pressure. Does saturation pressure of water vapor change if the total pressure (air pressure) is changed. Regards, Mike

So the MOSFET's output current in a simple buck converter with a PWm a driver and a MOSFET and LC circuit. The Inductor's saturation or Irms current limits the MOSFET's current output, correct? I heard that if it exceeds saturation current that the MOSFETs could be damaged. is this true...

1. What is the saturated [Al3+] concentration at pH7 made by the addition of AlCl3 to distilled water? 2. AlCl3<-->Al3++3Cl- 3H2O<-->3H++3OH- Kw=1x10-14 Al3++3OH-<-->Al(OH)3 Ksp=3x10-34 3. I'm familiar with this type of problem, but not the way in which it's being asked. I...

Hello All, I'm going through some lecture notes from a course on Lasers, and have come across something that is confusing me. In homogeneously broadened media, the gain coefficient depends on (1-I/I_s)^{-1}. where I_s is the saturation intensity. However, in an homogeneously broadened media...

I'd like to know if there is an accepted shorthand mathematical notation for the operation of saturation. Saturation basically means to take the output of any functional operation (or operator) and subject the final answer to limits. For example, I might have the function y=2x, and might...

So I have a quick question about something I'm a bit confused on. I was under the impression that, unlike liquids, gasses become more saturated in COLDER temperatures, rather than warmer. My geology teacher told us that the WARMER it is in the atmosphere the easier it is for water vapor to...

I am having great trouble in understanding the operation of transistor in saturation region. This is how I understand the working of a transistor: In a bipolar junction transistor the width of base is very small therefore very small number of carrier undergo recombination inside base, whereas...

Forgive me for the noobish question, but here goes. My objective is to feed the reverse saturation current in a circuit into a DAQ device for detection. However I want to amplify it from the micro to milli or ampere range before doing so, due to DAQ specifications. I'm confused as to how...

Hi If we have a Y shape iron and we put a Permanent Magnet N pole at the bottom leg of the Y in such that it will saturate it. would the top ends of the Y also be saturated. what if instead of 2 we have 20 branches where flux can go. what is the saturation will be like at one branch? thx

why there is sudden increase in the small reverse saturation current at the breakdown voltage?...

Re: the absorption & re-emission of long-wave radiation in the Earth's atmosphere. I thought it all made sense until I was trying to work out how to explain it better to others! So the Beer-Lambert equation describes the absorption at a given wavelength as exp(-k.z) where k is a constant...

Hi, I would like to know if somebod knows where I could find a corelation to calculate the quantity of water in air at saturation in g/m3. I know that many equations exist to calculate saturation pressure of water vapor in air as a function of temperature. Using one of these equations and an...

Hello All, I have very basic questions with respect to what we mean when we say a Transistor is in "Saturation". As I have read almost everywhere, we need to Forward bias both the emitter-base junction and Collector-Base Junctions for transistor to go to Saturation. Before I post my...

Homework Statement if the op amp satuates at +-14v, determne te the range of values of risitance R for which the op amp does not saturate. Assume the op amp is idal Homework Equations V-=V+ The Attempt at a Solution this is wa i have so far: (2-5/3)+(2-+14/R). not sure if it is...

Homework Statement Hi, I have a problem to find the reverse saturation current for a piece of diode. I have a question - given conductivity, a I-V curve with forward bias information (a table of I vs V values), how can i proceed? I have other information abt the diode such as its mobility...

Hi, Anyone here can tell me how to control the saturation voltage of a pnp transistor? I was actually doing a project and my design using a pnp transistor to energize a 5V relay.Since I am using 5V supply,I can't afford to drop too much voltage at VCE of the transistor. The design was...

Is it possible to saturate an air core? Would you have to trap the air for this to work. Are domains a meaningless concept in a fluid, even if it's trapped? (i.e. it can still circulate in it's 'prison').

I have been studying op-amps in my 2nd year circuits class and I had a question to ask. From what I understand the output voltage is supposed to be < power supply voltage. If this is the case, why do we use op-amps ? I mean if I have 15V and I need to power something why can't I just...

Homework Statement Calculate fractional saturation (YO2) for hemoglobin at venous O2 pressure (30 torr). Assume that p50 for hemoglobin is 26 torr, Hill constant is 3. Homework Equations YO2/1-YO2=(pO2/p50)^n The Attempt at a Solution (30/26)^3=1.54=(YO2/1-YO2)= 1.54 -...

Hi, Why for arbitrary high input power the gain saturates in EDFA (erbium-doped fiber amplifer)?

Can anyone explain why a CT would be subject to flux saturation, but a VT normally wouldn't?

Homework Statement "Suppose you were to collect 1.0 L air by passing it slowly thorugh water at 20C and into a container. estimate the mass of water vapor in the collect air, assuming that the air is saturated." I don't know where to even begin. at first i thought it had something to do...

I want to measure salt brines. I can measure specific gravity and degrees Fahrenheit. I need a formula into which I can insert the two measured values and resolve to get the degree of saturation of my brine. I can't find a formula, so I'm not sure a formula exists, but I can't understand why...

I want to measure salt brines. I can measure specific gravity and degrees Fahrenheit. I need a formula that I can insert the two measured values into and get the degree of saturation of my brine. I can't find a formula. I'm not sure a formula exists, but I can't understand why not. There are...

Hello: The nucleons insede a nuclei, interact only with the closest nucleons, How does QCD explain that the nuclear forces saturate? Thanks

can anyone tell me what the saturation point of CO2 is in the atmosphere in relationship to it's effect as a green house gas? At what point does extra CO2 have no more effect?

Hello Everyone, I am trying to model a circuit using Orcad Pspice 9.2 I am trying to solve the time when the opamp saturates with maximum voltage operation of 10v and -10v. I am applying different voltages to the circuit, when I do the transient analysis, i am not getting the right time. For...

MS Excel Help -- Saturation Points ?! Does anyone know how to do this with if-then statements or something else? For example: I want to analyze inflow and outflow in a tank, when the volume reaches zero then it's empty of course--so I shouldn't have a negative volume after this, volume...

Magnetic Saturation?? In a solenoid, does the magnetic field strength at which a core, in this case iron, begins to saturate change relative to the core's size or shape? Or is it constant for the material of the core, regardless of other factors? in other words will the core begin to saturate...

Im studying gain saturation for homogeneous and inhomogeneously broaded transitions. Im a little confused bout the logistics of laser operation regarding the gain in the cavity. So from ground state, the atoms are optically pumped to produce population inversion(4 level system) where...

Homework Statement I am trying to finish the equation, to compare it against a set of data so I can then find the accuracy of my results in relation to the equation: I(dark) = I(sat) * e(qV/kT) -1 I have the following data: Va - the applied (bias) voltage q kB - Boltzmann Constant...

Why is there a VCE sat for BJTs? Where does it come from? Can someone explain physically?

Here is my problem: I got an open cylinder of constant volume V that is been closed at 40'C and 100% R.H. The cylinder when closed is completely sealed. Inside the cylinder there is and heater that bring temperature at 60'C. When that temperature is reached, I see condensation inside the...

I've tried searching, but without much luck. Can someone please explain what it means for a state to be BPS saturated? It's in relation to a superalgebra \{ Q_{a},Q_{\dot{a}} \} = W \delta_{a\dot{a}} and then the mass of a particle satisfying M \geq \frac{c_{1}}{\lambda}|W| where lambda is the...

I'm trying to understand what happens to a distribution transformer in relation to overvoltage conditions (in terms of saturation and current flow; not insulation failure). I understand that once the voltage has risen high enough to drive the magnetic core past the saturation point, that the...