# Adding Series, What is wrong here?

## Homework Statement

With binomial expansions,
$\frac{x}{1-x}$ = $\sum$$^{n=\infty}_{n=1}$xn
$\frac{x}{x-1}$ = $\sum$$^{n=\infty}_{n=0}$x-n

$\sum$$^{n=\infty}_{n=-\infty}$xn=0
This is nonsense, but what went wrong here?

## The Attempt at a Solution

Obviously, $\frac{x}{1-x}$+$\frac{x}{x-1}$=0 (1)

It's clear that they tried to transform $\frac{x}{x-1}$ = $\sum$$^{n=\infty}_{n=0}$x-n into $\frac{x}{x-1}$ = $\sum$$^{n=0}_{n=-\infty}$xn and then substitute into equation (1) and get an answer of zero.

From there, I'm not sure how in the world they manipulated that series to get a neg. infinity to show up in the limits, and where the mistake in that is.

HallsofIvy
Homework Helper

## Homework Statement

With binomial expansions,
$\frac{x}{1-x}$ = $\sum$$^{n=\infty}_{n=1}$xn
$\frac{x}{x-1}$ = $\sum$$^{n=\infty}_{n=0}$x-n
The second is wrong. x- 1= -(1- x) so the second series is just
$\sum_{n=1}^\infty -x^n$, not $\sum_{n=1}^\infty x^{-n}$.

$\sum$$^{n=\infty}_{n=-\infty}$xn=0
This is nonsense, but what went wrong here?

## The Attempt at a Solution

Obviously, $\frac{x}{1-x}$+$\frac{x}{x-1}$=0 (1)

It's clear that they tried to transform $\frac{x}{x-1}$ = $\sum$$^{n=\infty}_{n=0}$x-n into $\frac{x}{x-1}$ = $\sum$$^{n=0}_{n=-\infty}$xn and then substitute into equation (1) and get an answer of zero.

From there, I'm not sure how in the world they manipulated that series to get a neg. infinity to show up in the limits, and where the mistake in that is.

jbunniii
Homework Helper
Gold Member

## Homework Statement

With binomial expansions,
$\frac{x}{1-x}$ = $\sum$$^{n=\infty}_{n=1}$xn
$\frac{x}{x-1}$ = $\sum$$^{n=\infty}_{n=0}$x-n

$\sum$$^{n=\infty}_{n=-\infty}$xn=0
This is nonsense, but what went wrong here?
The first series converges only if |x| < 1. The second converges only if |x| > 1. Therefore there is no x for which you can add the series and get a meaningful result.

The second is wrong. x- 1= -(1- x) so the second series is just
$\sum_{n=1}^\infty -x^n$, not $\sum_{n=1}^\infty x^{-n}$.

I don't understand this. I realize this myself, and if I were deriving the series myself, I'd use that technique and get the same result you. Also, when I use Maple to get the series, the result also matches yours. But, reference tables I have on hand show series matching what was printed in the homework.

jbunniii
Homework Helper
Gold Member
If |x| > 1, then
$$\sum_{n = 0}^{\infty} x^{-n} = \frac{1}{1 - x^{-1}} = \frac{x}{x - 1}$$
so the series expansion is correct. The problem is that the region of convergence is incompatible with that of the first series.

Ray Vickson